# Latest Cancer Treatments

> A comprehensive guide to the types of cancer, new treatment methods and the latest research findings, for patients, families and physicians. All content is based on reputable scientific publications, with sources cited.

The English edition of a Persian (Farsi) evidence-based cancer information site, for patients, families and physicians worldwide: cancer types, symptoms and diagnosis, the latest treatments, drugs and their side effects, clinical tools, treatment regimens and a library of key trials and guidelines. Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Mohammadreza Dabiri (دکتر محمدرضا دبیری) — Adult haematology–oncology subspecialist · Former faculty member, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Every medical claim is cited to peer-reviewed literature, with DOI or PubMed links at the end of each page. Persian original: https://drdabiri.com/ (map: https://drdabiri.com/llms.txt).

## About
- [About Dr. Mohammadreza Dabiri](https://drdabiri.com/en/about/): Meet Dr. Mohammadreza Dabiri, an adult haematology–oncology subspecialist, and learn about the aims and editorial policy of the Latest Cancer Treatments…
- [Resources for physicians: tools, regimens and lessons](https://drdabiri.com/en/for-doctors/): All the physicians' tools on one page: dose calculators and risk scores, chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens with doses, a biomarker checklist…
- [Contact us](https://drdabiri.com/en/contact/): Send us your question, suggestion or request, and we will reply as soon as possible.

## Cancer types
- [Breast cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/breast-cancer/): Symptoms, who is at higher risk, when to start mammograms, the types of breast cancer and the treatment for each stage.
- [Colorectal cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/colorectal-cancer/): What polyps are, symptoms, stool tests and colonoscopy from age 45, and the treatment for each stage.
- [Stomach cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/stomach-cancer/): Helicobacter and salt, warning signs, endoscopy, and the treatment for each stage with surgery, chemotherapy and new medicines.
- [Lung cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/lung-cancer/): Symptoms, risk factors, low-dose CT scans for smokers, genetic tests on the tumour and the treatment for each stage.
- [Prostate cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/prostate-cancer/): The PSA test and deciding about it, MRI before a biopsy, monitoring without immediate treatment for low-risk cancer, and the treatment of advanced disease.
- [Blood cancers (leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma)](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/blood-cancers/): Leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma at a glance: symptoms, blood and bone marrow tests, and treatments from targeted tablets to CAR-T cell therapy…
- [Bladder cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/bladder-cancer/): Blood in the urine, the role of smoking and chemicals, cystoscopy, treating early bladder cancer with BCG, surgery or keeping the bladder, and new…
- [Leukaemia](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/leukemia/): Symptoms, tests and treatment of the four main types of leukaemia (AML, ALL, CML and CLL), from chemotherapy to targeted tablets and transplants.
- [Oesophageal cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/esophageal-cancer/): Risk factors (very hot drinks, opium and smoking), difficulty swallowing, endoscopy, the two main types and the treatment for each stage.
- [Thyroid cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/thyroid-cancer/): Why not every thyroid nodule is dangerous, ultrasound and needle biopsy, surgery, radioactive iodine, and monitoring of very small tumours.
- [Brain tumours](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/brain-tumors/): Types of brain tumour, warning signs, MRI and biopsy, and treatment of glioblastoma, slow-growing gliomas, meningioma and cancer that has spread…
- [Head and neck cancers](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/head-and-neck-cancer/): Cancer of the mouth, throat and voice box: smoking, waterpipe, alcohol and HPV, warning signs, diagnosis and treatment with surgery, radiotherapy…
- [Liver cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/liver-cancer/): Hepatitis B and C, cirrhosis and fatty liver, vaccination, an ultrasound every 6 months for people at risk, and the treatment for each stage, from surgery…
- [Pancreatic cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/pancreatic-cancer/): Warning signs such as jaundice and new diabetes, genetic testing for every patient, surgery and chemotherapy, and new medicines.
- [Lymphoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/lymphoma/): Cancer of the lymph nodes: symptoms, biopsy and PET-CT, stages, and the treatment of the main types of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
- [Multiple myeloma](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/multiple-myeloma/): Symptoms (high calcium, kidney problems, anaemia, bone pain), the stages before myeloma, treatment with several medicines and a transplant, and care…
- [Kidney cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/kidney-cancer/): Smoking, obesity and high blood pressure, a mass found by chance, surgery that keeps the kidney, and effective medicines for advanced disease.
- [Ovarian cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/ovarian-cancer/): Vague but lasting symptoms, the BRCA genes, why there is no general screening, surgery and chemotherapy, and maintenance tablets.
- [Cervical cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/cervical-cancer/): HPV and the HPV vaccine, the HPV test and Pap smear, symptoms, and the treatment for each stage.
- [Melanoma (skin cancer)](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/melanoma/): Signs of a dangerous mole, sun protection, surgery, immunotherapy and targeted treatment, and the more common skin cancers.
- [Endometrial (womb) cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/endometrial-cancer/): Symptoms of womb cancer, risk factors and Lynch syndrome, diagnosis by ultrasound and biopsy, staging and the tumour's genetic groups, and endometrial…
- [Testicular cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/testicular-cancer/): Testicular cancer symptoms (a painless lump), testicular self-examination, ultrasound and blood tests, surgery through the groin, surveillance or short…
- [Sarcoma (soft tissue and bone cancer)](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/sarcoma/): What is sarcoma? Symptoms of soft tissue sarcoma and bone cancer (a growing lump, bone pain at night), diagnosis with MRI and biopsy at a sarcoma centre…
- [Skin cancer: basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/skin-cancer/): What are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell skin cancer? Symptoms, the role of the sun, prevention, diagnosis by biopsy and treatment: surgery, Mohs…
- [Bile duct and gallbladder cancer (biliary tract cancer)](https://drdabiri.com/en/cancer/bile-duct-gallbladder-cancer/): Symptoms of bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) and gallbladder cancer (jaundice, itching, dark urine), risk factors, diagnosis with MRCP and ERCP…

## Research and new treatments
- [Chemotherapy or targeted therapy? Ask this before treatment starts](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/targeted-therapy-or-chemotherapy/): Before starting chemotherapy, ask whether your tumour has had a genetic test. In several common cancers, a targeted drug or immunotherapy is better than…
- [Late diagnosis costs lives: 5 simple steps to find cancer early](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/early-detection-iran/): In many countries cancers are often found late. Five simple, well-proven steps, from checking a breast lump early to stool tests and the HPV vaccine, can…
- [Complete, on-time, uninterrupted treatment: a simple way to live longer](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/on-time-complete-treatment/): Delays in surgery and chemotherapy, breaks in radiotherapy and missed tablets are linked to lower survival.
- [Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs)](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/antibody-drug-conjugates/): Drugs that attach a powerful anticancer drug to an antibody so it reaches the cancer cell directly; they have greatly improved the treatment of breast…
- [Treatment of advanced melanoma: immunotherapy and BRAF-targeted drugs](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/melanoma-immunotherapy-treatment/): For years no drug clearly lengthened the lives of people with melanoma that had spread.
- [Treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma: one of the most curable cancers of young people](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/hodgkin-lymphoma-treatment/): Hodgkin lymphoma is seen mostly in young people, and up to 9 in every 10 patients are cured.
- [Treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): from R-CHOP to CAR-T](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/dlbcl-treatment/): Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma grows quickly, but in most patients it does not come back after the first treatment.
- [Treating hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (HR+/HER2−): hormone therapy and CDK4/6 inhibitors](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/hormone-positive-breast-cancer-treatment/): About 7 in every 10 breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative.
- [Ovarian cancer treatment: the role of PARP inhibitors (olaparib and niraparib) and BRCA testing](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/ovarian-cancer-parp-inhibitors/): Surgery and chemotherapy are still the foundation of ovarian cancer treatment.
- [MSI-H or dMMR bowel cancer: immunotherapy instead of chemotherapy](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/msi-high-colorectal-cancer-immunotherapy/): In a group of bowel cancer patients whose tumour's DNA repair system is broken (MSI-H or dMMR), immunotherapy works better than chemotherapy with fewer…
- [Treating prostate cancer that has spread: why a hormone injection alone is not enough](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/metastatic-prostate-cancer-treatment/): For years the treatment of prostate cancer that had spread was only an injection or an operation to lower hormones.
- [New treatments for multiple myeloma: from melphalan to four-drug combinations and cell therapy](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/multiple-myeloma-new-treatments/): Myeloma treatment has been transformed over the past twenty years. Combinations of new drugs, a transplant of the patient's own cells and maintenance…
- [Treating HER2-positive breast cancer: from the worst type to one of the most treatable](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/her2-positive-breast-cancer-treatment/): HER2-positive breast cancer used to come back sooner and kill sooner. With anti-HER2 drugs it now has some of the best treatment results; after surgery…
- [Treating EGFR-mutated lung cancer: a tablet instead of chemotherapy](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/egfr-lung-cancer-treatment/): In patients whose lung tumour has an EGFR mutation, a targeted tablet has replaced chemotherapy; half of patients with disease that has spread live more…
- [Chemotherapy or targeted tablets in CLL? The story of a treatment that was replaced](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/cll-chemotherapy-vs-targeted/): For years chemotherapy was the only treatment for CLL. In head-to-head comparisons, targeted tablets controlled the disease better, caused fewer serious…
- [Treating acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in older adults: when intensive chemotherapy is not possible](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/aml-treatment-older-adults/): Many older people with AML cannot tolerate intensive chemotherapy. Adding venetoclax tablets to a gentle drug more than doubled the number of patients…
- [Treating CML (chronic myeloid leukaemia): a near-normal life with one tablet](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/cml-treatment-life-expectancy/): CML was once a fatal disease. Today, with a daily tablet, more than 8 in 10 patients are alive after 10 years and life expectancy has come close to that…
- [Immunotherapy and organ preservation in dMMR tumours](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/immunotherapy-organ-preservation/): In tumours with a particular genetic defect (dMMR), immunotherapy sometimes destroys the tumour completely, and patients are treated without major surgery…
- [Treatment of advanced kidney cancer: immunotherapy and targeted drugs](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/advanced-kidney-cancer-treatment/): For years, treatments for kidney cancer that had spread helped only a small number of patients.
- [Treating acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL): a cancer treated without chemotherapy](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/apl-treatment-without-chemotherapy/): APL was once the deadliest leukaemia. Today, with two non-chemotherapy drugs, tretinoin and arsenic, more than 9 in 10 patients are cured; the main danger…
- [The best treatment for CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) in 2026](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/best-treatment-cll/): Many people with CLL do not need treatment for years. When treatment is needed, the first treatment for most patients today is targeted tablets, not…
- [Liquid biopsy and circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA)](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/ctdna-liquid-biopsy/): A blood test that finds fragments of tumour DNA and shows whether disease is left after surgery; where it helps treatment decisions today and where it…
- [What is the best treatment for triple-negative breast cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/triple-negative-breast-cancer-treatment/): For years, triple-negative breast cancer had only chemotherapy. Today, chemotherapy with the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab before surgery makes…
- [Personalised mRNA cancer vaccines](https://drdabiri.com/en/articles/personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines/): Vaccines made for each patient from the genetic changes in their own tumour; they have shown promising results in melanoma and pancreatic cancer but are…

## Cancer drugs
- [Abemaciclib (Verzenio)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/abemaciclib/): Abemaciclib (Verzenio): use in high-risk early and advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, dosing, and side effects such as diarrhoea and blood…
- [Abiraterone (Zytiga)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/abiraterone/): Abiraterone (Zytiga): use in prostate cancer, taking it on an empty stomach with prednisone, common and serious side effects, liver monitoring and drug…
- [Arsenic trioxide (Trisenox)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/arsenic-trioxide/): Arsenic trioxide (Trisenox): treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) with tretinoin without chemotherapy, dosing, ECG and electrolyte monitoring…
- [Azacitidine (Vidaza)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/azacitidine/): Azacitidine (Vidaza): use in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukaemia (with venetoclax), 7-day injections every 28 days, side effects…
- [Bendamustine](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/bendamustine/): Bendamustine: use with rituximab in follicular, marginal zone and mantle cell lymphoma and in CLL, dosing, side effects and infection prevention.
- [Bevacizumab (Avastin)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/bevacizumab/): What is bevacizumab (Avastin)? Use in colorectal, lung, ovarian, cervical, liver and kidney cancer and glioblastoma, how it is given, and common…
- [Bortezomib (Velcade)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/bortezomib/): What is bortezomib (Velcade)? Use in multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma, subcutaneous or intravenous injection, neuropathy, shingles prevention…
- [Capecitabine (Xeloda)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/capecitabine/): What is capecitabine (Xeloda)? Use in colorectal, breast, stomach and pancreatic cancer, how to take the tablets, common and serious side effects, and why…
- [Carboplatin (Paraplatin)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/carboplatin/): What is carboplatin? Use in ovarian, lung, breast and oesophageal cancer, blood and allergic side effects, and important points for patients.
- [Cetuximab (Erbitux)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/cetuximab/): What is cetuximab? Use in head and neck and colorectal cancer, how it is given, skin side effects and infusion reactions.
- [Cisplatin (Platinol)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/cisplatin/): What is cisplatin? Use in testicular, ovarian, bladder and head and neck cancer, how it is given, kidney, hearing and nerve side effects, and important…
- [Cyclophosphamide (Endoxan)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/cyclophosphamide/): Cyclophosphamide (Endoxan): use in breast cancer, lymphoma and leukaemia, taking the tablets and the injection, bladder and blood side effects, and other…
- [Dasatinib (Sprycel)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/dasatinib/): Dasatinib (Sprycel): use in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and Philadelphia-positive ALL, how to take it, common side effects such as fluid around…
- [Denosumab (Xgeva)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/denosumab/): Denosumab (Xgeva 120 mg): preventing fractures and bone complications in bone metastases and myeloma, calcium and vitamin D, osteonecrosis of the jaw…
- [Docetaxel (Taxotere)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/docetaxel/): Docetaxel (Taxotere): use in breast, prostate, lung and stomach cancer, how it is given, and common and serious side effects.
- [Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/doxorubicin/): Doxorubicin (Adriamycin): use in breast cancer, lymphoma and leukaemia, how it is given, heart side effects and other serious side effects.
- [Enzalutamide (Xtandi)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/enzalutamide/): Enzalutamide (Xtandi): use in prostate cancer, how to take it, common and serious side effects, drug interactions and important points.
- [Etoposide](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/etoposide/): Etoposide: use in small cell lung cancer, testicular tumours and lymphoma, how it is given, dosing, side effects and important points.
- [Everolimus (Afinitor)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/everolimus/): Everolimus (Afinitor): use with exemestane in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, in kidney cancer and neuroendocrine tumours; mouth sores…
- [Exemestane (Aromasin)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/exemestane/): Exemestane (Aromasin): use in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women (adjuvant and advanced) and with ovarian suppression, how…
- [Filgrastim (Neupogen)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/filgrastim/): Filgrastim (Neupogen): use in preventing fever and low white blood cells, how it is injected, dosing, and side effects such as bone pain.
- [Fluorouracil (5-FU)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/fluorouracil/): What is fluorouracil (5-FU)? Use in colorectal, stomach, oesophageal, pancreatic and breast cancer, how it is given and the infusion pump, side effects…
- [Fulvestrant (Faslodex)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/fulvestrant/): Fulvestrant (Faslodex): use in advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, alone or with CDK4/6 inhibitors, the injection schedule and side effects.
- [Gemcitabine (Gemzar)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/gemcitabine/): What is gemcitabine (Gemzar)? Use in pancreatic, lung, bladder, bile duct, ovarian and breast cancer, how it is given, common and serious side effects…
- [Goserelin (Zoladex)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/goserelin/): Goserelin (Zoladex): a monthly or 3-monthly implant under the skin to suppress hormones in prostate cancer and premenopausal breast cancer, and to protect…
- [Hydroxyurea (Hydrea)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/hydroxyurea/): Hydroxyurea (Hydrea): use in chronic myeloid leukaemia, rapidly lowering a high white count, polycythaemia and thrombocythaemia, blood monitoring and side…
- [Ibrutinib (Imbruvica)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/ibrutinib/): Ibrutinib (Imbruvica): use in CLL and Waldenström macroglobulinaemia, how to take it, common and serious side effects such as bleeding and arrhythmia…
- [Imatinib (Gleevec)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/imatinib/): Imatinib (Gleevec): use in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), Philadelphia-positive ALL and GIST, how to take it, common side effects such as swelling…
- [Irinotecan (Camptosar)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/irinotecan/): What is irinotecan (Camptosar)? Use in colorectal and pancreatic cancer, how it is given, important side effects such as diarrhoea and low white blood…
- [Lenalidomide (Revlimid)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/lenalidomide/): What is lenalidomide (Revlimid)? Use in multiple myeloma and maintenance, MDS and lymphoma; side effects, clot risk and contraception.
- [Lenvatinib (Lenvima)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/lenvatinib/): What is lenvatinib? Use in thyroid, liver, kidney and endometrial cancer, how to take the capsules, and important side effects such as high blood pressure.
- [Letrozole (Femara)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/letrozole/): What is letrozole (Femara)? Use in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer after menopause, how to take it, common side effects such as joint pain…
- [Leuprolide (Lupron/Eligard)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/leuprolide/): What is leuprolide (Lupron, Eligard)? Use in advanced prostate cancer, injection intervals, common side effects such as hot flushes, and serious effects…
- [Nilotinib (Tasigna)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/nilotinib/): Nilotinib (Tasigna): use in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), fasting twice-daily dosing, ECG (QT) monitoring and common side effects.
- [Nivolumab (Opdivo)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/nivolumab/): What is nivolumab (Opdivo)? Use in melanoma, lung, kidney, oesophageal and other cancers, how it is given, and common and serious side effects.
- [Olaparib (Lynparza)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/olaparib/): Uses, how to take it and side effects of olaparib (Lynparza), a PARP inhibitor for BRCA-mutated ovarian, breast, pancreatic and prostate cancer.
- [Osimertinib (Tagrisso)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/osimertinib/): Uses, how to take it and side effects of osimertinib (Tagrisso), a targeted anti-EGFR tablet for non-small cell lung cancer.
- [Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/oxaliplatin/): What oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) is, its use in bowel, stomach and pancreatic cancer, how it is given, common side effects such as neuropathy and cold…
- [Paclitaxel (Taxol)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/paclitaxel/): What paclitaxel is, its use in ovarian, breast and lung cancer, the anti-allergy premedication, side effects such as neuropathy and hair loss, and drug…
- [Palbociclib (Ibrance)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/palbociclib/): Palbociclib (Ibrance): its use in advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, how to take it, and common side effects such as low white blood cells.
- [Pembrolizumab (Keytruda)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/pembrolizumab/): What pembrolizumab (Keytruda) is, its use in many cancers, how it is given, and its common and serious immune-related side effects.
- [Pertuzumab (Perjeta)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/pertuzumab/): Pertuzumab (Perjeta) is an anti-HER2 antibody given with trastuzumab; its use in HER2-positive breast cancer and its common side effects such as diarrhoea.
- [Rituximab (Rituxan/MabThera)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/rituximab/): Rituximab (Rituxan/MabThera): its use in lymphoma and CLL, how it is given, common and serious side effects, and the hepatitis B warning.
- [Sorafenib (Nexavar)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/sorafenib/): What sorafenib is, its use in liver, kidney and thyroid cancer, taking it on an empty stomach, and side effects such as hand-foot skin reaction…
- [Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/tamoxifen/): What tamoxifen is, its use in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, DCIS and prevention in high-risk women, how to take it, common and serious side…
- [Temozolomide (Temodal)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/temozolomide/): What temozolomide (Temodal) is, its use in glioblastoma and astrocytoma, how to take the capsules, the role of MGMT, common and serious side effects…
- [Trastuzumab (Herceptin)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/trastuzumab/): Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is a targeted anti-HER2 antibody; read about its use in HER2-positive breast and stomach cancer and important side effects such…
- [Trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/trastuzumab-deruxtecan/): Enhertu is an anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate; its use in HER2-positive and HER2-low breast cancer, lung and stomach cancer, and important side effects…
- [Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/trastuzumab-emtansine/): Kadcyla is an anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate; its use in HER2-positive breast cancer after surgery and in metastatic disease, and side effects such…
- [Venetoclax (Venclexta)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/venetoclax/): What venetoclax (Venclexta) is, its use in CLL and AML, the gradual dose ramp-up, prevention of tumour lysis syndrome, side effects and drug interactions.
- [Vinorelbine (Navelbine)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/vinorelbine/): Vinorelbine (Navelbine): its use in non-small cell lung cancer (adjuvant after surgery and advanced disease) and breast cancer, weekly injection, side…
- [Alectinib (Alecensa)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/alectinib/): Uses, how to take it and side effects of alectinib (Alecensa), a targeted anti-ALK capsule for ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.
- [Anastrozole (Arimidex)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/anastrozole/): What is anastrozole (Arimidex)? Use in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer after menopause, how to take it, common side effects, effects on bones…
- [Atezolizumab (Tecentriq)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/atezolizumab/): What is atezolizumab (Tecentriq)? Use in lung, liver, bladder and colon cancer, how it is given, and common and serious immune side effects.
- [Daratumumab (Darzalex)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/daratumumab/): What is daratumumab (Darzalex)? Use in multiple myeloma, intravenous vs subcutaneous injection, infusion reactions, interference with blood bank tests…
- [Oral tretinoin (ATRA)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/tretinoin/): Oral tretinoin (ATRA, Vesanoid): treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) with arsenic trioxide, dose, differentiation syndrome and urgent points.
- [Acalabrutinib (Calquence)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/acalabrutinib/): Acalabrutinib (Calquence): use in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma, twice-daily dosing, common side effects and how it…
- [Durvalumab (Imfinzi)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/durvalumab/): What is durvalumab (Imfinzi)? Use in lung, bladder, stomach, liver and bile duct cancer, how it is given, and common and serious side effects.
- [Ipilimumab (Yervoy)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/ipilimumab/): What is ipilimumab (Yervoy)? Use in melanoma and, with nivolumab, in kidney, liver, lung and bowel cancer, how it is given, and common and serious side…
- [Ribociclib (Kisqali)](https://drdabiri.com/en/drugs/ribociclib/): Ribociclib (Kisqali): its use in early and advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, dose, and side effects such as heart rhythm changes and liver…

## Side effects and daily life
- [Nausea and vomiting during cancer treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/nausea-vomiting/): Why chemotherapy causes sickness, how to take your anti-sickness medicines, which foods are best and when to call your doctor.
- [Hair loss during chemotherapy](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/hair-loss/): Why hair falls out during chemotherapy, how a cold cap helps, caring for your hair and scalp, and when hair grows back.
- [Fatigue from cancer and its treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/fatigue/): What cancer fatigue is, where it comes from and what really helps: light, regular exercise, spreading your energy through the day, and counselling.
- [Mouth sores (mucositis)](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/mouth-sores/): Mouth sores during chemotherapy and radiotherapy: daily mouth care, ice in the mouth during the infusion, eating with mouth sores, and warning signs.
- [Low blood counts and preventing infection](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/low-blood-counts-infection/): When blood counts fall during chemotherapy: preventing infection, safe food, vaccines, and why a temperature of 38 °C is an emergency.
- [Nutrition during cancer treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/nutrition-during-treatment/): Food during treatment: enough protein and calories, poor appetite, safe food, supplements and why strict diets do harm.
- [Fertility and sex during cancer treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/sex-and-fertility/): How cancer treatment affects fertility and sex: preserving fertility before treatment (freezing sperm, eggs and embryos), contraception and ways…
- [Returning to work and everyday life](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/returning-to-work/): Going back to work after treatment: a gradual plan, coping with tiredness and forgetfulness, exercise, emotional support and follow-up.
- [Numbness and tingling in the hands and feet (neuropathy)](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/peripheral-neuropathy/): Numbness and tingling in the hands and feet during chemotherapy: which drugs, safety at home, exercise, a medicine that eases the pain and when to tell…
- [Side effects of immunotherapy](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/immunotherapy-side-effects/): Immunotherapy sometimes attacks the skin, bowel, liver, thyroid or lungs; know the warning signs and report them early.
- [The stages of a stem cell transplant: from getting ready to the transplant](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/transplant-journey/): Step by step to a stem cell transplant: tests, finding a donor, collecting the cells, the catheter, chemotherapy before the transplant, transplant day…
- [Complications during the transplant on the transplant unit](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/transplant-complications-during/): Complications that arise during the transplant hospital stay and how they are treated: nausea, mouth sores, diarrhoea, fever and infection, the need…
- [After leaving the transplant unit: care at home](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/transplant-after-discharge/): After discharge from the transplant unit: hand washing, safe food, pets, catheter care, medicines, regular tests, vaccines and warning signs.
- [Long-term and chronic effects after a transplant](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/transplant-long-term-effects/): Life after a transplant: the signs of the chronic reaction of transplanted cells against the body and its treatments, late effects, and the tests…
- [Anxiety, depression and fear of cancer coming back](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/anxiety-depression-cancer/): Anxiety and depression are common in people with cancer and can be treated: the difference between normal worry and depression, coping with fear…
- [Your first chemotherapy session: what to expect](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/first-chemotherapy-session/): What to ask and prepare before your first session, what happens on the day of the infusion, and which signs to report straight away in the days after…
- [A guide for family members and caregivers of people with cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/caregiver-guide/): If you are caring for someone you love who has cancer: managing medicines and appointments, preventing infection and helping with eating, signs that are…
- [What is a chemotherapy port? Caring for a port or PICC line](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/port-and-picc-care/): A port sits under the skin of the chest and needs little care when it is not in use; a PICC goes in through a vein in the arm and needs flushing…
- [Early menopause and hot flushes after cancer treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/menopause-after-cancer-treatment/): Chemotherapy and hormone therapy can stop your periods and bring on menopausal symptoms.
- [How do I talk to my children about my cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/talking-to-children-about-cancer/): Children notice when a parent is ill even if nobody tells them. A guide to honest, age-appropriate conversations, the key messages, children's normal…
- [How to read your pathology report](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/pathology-report/): The pathology report is the key document in a cancer diagnosis; this guide explains its common terms in plain words, from "positive" and "negative"…
- [Just diagnosed with cancer: what to do in the first weeks](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/just-diagnosed-with-cancer/): Just diagnosed with cancer, now what? Knowing the exact type and stage of your cancer, questions for your first appointment with the specialist, second…
- [Skin care during radiotherapy](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/radiotherapy-skin-care/): Skin changes from radiotherapy usually appear a few weeks after treatment starts, and many improve a few weeks after it ends.
- [After cancer treatment ends: follow-up, late effects and feeling normal again](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/after-cancer-treatment/): A guide for after your last treatment: your follow-up plan and why more scans are not always better, late effects on the heart, nerves, bones…
- [Constipation and diarrhoea during cancer treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/constipation-diarrhoea-cancer/): Strong painkillers such as morphine and some anti-sickness medicines cause constipation, so a laxative is best started on the first day.
- [Fever and warning signs during chemotherapy: when to get help straight away](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/chemo-warning-signs/): A temperature of 38 °C or higher during chemotherapy is an emergency, even if you feel well.
- [Lymphoedema: swelling of the arm or leg after cancer treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/lymphoedema/): Lymphoedema is long-lasting swelling of an arm, leg or another part of the body that can develop after lymph node surgery or radiotherapy.
- [What to eat before and after chemotherapy](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/what-to-eat-after-chemo/): During chemotherapy the body needs more protein, calories and fluids. This guide explains what to eat before and after a session, which fruits and juices…
- [Cancer screening by age: which tests do you need?](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/cancer-screening-by-age/): A cancer screening table for women and men by age: cervical screening (Pap and HPV tests), mammograms, stool tests and colonoscopy, low-dose CT for people…
- [The last weeks and days of life with cancer: what to expect and how to help](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/end-of-life-cancer/): A gentle guide for families: the common changes of the last weeks and days and which ones are normal, ways to keep the person comfortable, when to contact…
- [What to say (and not say) to someone with cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/what-to-say-to-someone-with-cancer/): The most important thing is to be there and listen, not to find the perfect words.
- [Cancer pain: it can be treated, do not put up with it](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/cancer-pain/): In most patients cancer pain is controlled with the right medicines taken regularly.
- [Blood stem cell transplant (bone marrow transplant)](https://drdabiri.com/en/stem-cell-transplant/): What a blood stem cell transplant is, the difference between autologous and allogeneic transplants, what they are used for, the stages of a transplant…
- [Chemotherapy tablets at home: how they compare with drips, and staying safe](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/chemotherapy-tablets/): Chemotherapy tablets are neither weaker nor safer than a drip; the choice depends on the drug and the type of cancer.
- [How to read a CBC: high or low white cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils](https://drdabiri.com/en/guides/cbc-results/): Most high or low values on a CBC have a simple cause such as an infection, stress, smoking, a medicine or iron deficiency.

## Common questions
- [Can cancer be cured? Which cancers are most curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/can-cancer-be-cured/): Yes; many cancers can be cured completely, especially when they are found early.
- [Can cancer be prevented?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/can-cancer-be-prevented/): Yes, to a large extent. Nearly 4 in 10 cancers are linked to causes such as smoking and waterpipe use, infections, alcohol and excess weight.
- [Can childhood cancer be cured?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-childhood-cancer-curable/): Most childhood cancers can be cured. The most important thing a family can do is complete the treatment and give the daily tablets regularly; stopping…
- [Does opium cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-opium-cause-cancer/): Yes. The WHO's IARC classifies opium use as a definite carcinogen (Group 1). In the Golestan study, opium raised the risk of cancer by 40% and death from…
- [I found a lump in my breast. What should I do?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/breast-lump-what-to-do/): Any new lump in the breast or armpit, even in young women, should be examined and imaged within a few weeks: what happens at each step, and why it should…
- [My faecal occult blood test was positive. What should I do?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/positive-stool-test/): If your faecal immunochemical test (FIT) is positive, you need a colonoscopy. In Isfahan only 20% of these people had one, although a quarter of them had…
- [Should I be tested for H. pylori? (Preventing stomach cancer)](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/h-pylori-test-stomach-cancer/): If a first-degree relative has had stomach cancer, get tested for Helicobacter pylori, and if positive, finish the treatment and test again.
- [Stage 4 cancer: what it means, treatment and life expectancy](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/stage-4-cancer/): Stage 4 means that the cancer has reached distant organs. Most stage 4 cancers can be treated: the goal is usually to control the disease and live better…
- [What do cancer survival rates and life expectancy really mean?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/cancer-survival-rates/): There is no fixed number for how long people with cancer live: many are cured and have a normal lifespan, and for others it varies greatly with the type…
- [What foods should I avoid during chemotherapy?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/foods-to-avoid-during-chemo/): Most foods are fine during chemotherapy, and the most important thing is food safety: avoid raw or undercooked meat, eggs and fish, unpasteurised milk…
- [What is cancer grade? Grade versus stage](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/cancer-grade/): The grade of a cancer shows how different the tumour cells look from healthy cells under a microscope and how fast they are likely to grow; the stage…
- [Abnormal Pap smear or positive HPV test: what do ASCUS, LSIL, HSIL and CIN mean?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/abnormal-pap-smear-hpv/): Most people who get an abnormal Pap smear or a positive HPV test do not have cancer; most have an HPV infection or early changes that only need follow-up.
- [At what age is a screening colonoscopy needed?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/colonoscopy-age/): For people at average risk, bowel cancer screening is recommended from age 45 to 75, and a normal colonoscopy is repeated every 10 years.
- [At what age should I start mammograms?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/mammography-age/): The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends a mammogram every 2 years for women aged 40 to 74 at average risk.
- [Blood in your stool: piles or bowel cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/blood-in-stool/): Blood in the stool usually comes from piles or a small tear in the anus, but it is sometimes a sign of a polyp, bowel inflammation or bowel cancer.
- [Bowel cancer in young adults: symptoms and why it is rising](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/bowel-cancer-young-adults/): Bowel cancer in young adults is still uncommon, but it is rising in many countries.
- [Can a blood test detect cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/can-blood-test-detect-cancer/): A routine blood test mainly shows blood cancers such as leukaemia and misses most other cancers; a normal blood test does not rule cancer out.
- [Can anaemia be a sign of cancer? Anaemia and bowel or stomach cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/anemia-and-cancer/): Most anaemia is not cancer, but unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia in men and post-menopausal women is sometimes the first sign of bowel or stomach…
- [Can I exercise during cancer treatment?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/exercise-during-cancer-treatment/): Yes; exercise during treatment is safe for most patients and improves tiredness, fitness and quality of life.
- [Can I get pregnant after chemotherapy?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/pregnancy-after-chemotherapy/): Yes, many women and men have children after chemotherapy, although some drugs reduce fertility.
- [Cancer that has spread to the bones: symptoms, treatment and outlook](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/bone-metastases/): Bone metastases mean that a cancer from another organ, most often the breast or prostate, has reached the bones; this is not bone cancer.
- [Cancer that has spread to the liver: treatment and outlook](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/liver-metastases/): Liver metastases mean that a cancer from another organ, most often the large bowel, has reached the liver; this is not liver cancer, and it is treated…
- [Chemo brain: why it happens and how long it lasts](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/chemo-brain/): Forgetfulness, poor concentration and slow thinking during and after chemotherapy ("chemo brain") are real and common, and in most people they ease over…
- [Chemotherapy or radiotherapy: what is the difference?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/chemotherapy-vs-radiotherapy/): Chemotherapy uses medicines to reach cancer cells anywhere in the body, while radiotherapy uses radiation to treat only the area it is aimed at.
- [Colon polyps: types, cancer risk and when to repeat colonoscopy](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/colon-polyps/): A colon polyp is a small growth on the inner wall of the large bowel. Most polyps are small and are not cancer, but some can turn into cancer over…
- [Do aspartame and artificial sweeteners cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/aspartame-artificial-sweeteners-cancer/): In 2023 the International Agency for Research on Cancer classed aspartame as "possibly carcinogenic" on limited evidence, but the WHO expert committee…
- [Do CT scans, X-rays and mammograms cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/do-ct-scans-cause-cancer/): The radiation from a CT scan raises the risk of cancer slightly, but for each person the increase is small, and when the test is needed to diagnose…
- [Do deodorants, antiperspirants or bras cause breast cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-deodorant-cause-breast-cancer/): The studies done so far have not found a link between deodorants, antiperspirants or wearing a bra and breast cancer, although there are only a few…
- [Do e-cigarettes (vaping) cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-vaping-cause-cancer/): This is not yet known for certain, because there are no long-term studies in people.
- [Do microwaves, burnt toast or fried food cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/cooking-and-cancer-risk/): A microwave oven does not make food radioactive, and its radiation is non-ionising.
- [Do mobile phones cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/do-mobile-phones-cause-cancer/): Based on current evidence, no. A large review commissioned by the World Health Organization found no link between mobile phones and brain tumours in 2024…
- [Do Ozempic and other GLP-1 drugs cause thyroid cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/ozempic-thyroid-cancer/): The thyroid cancer warning on Ozempic comes from studies in mice and rats. Most large studies in people have not found a clear increase in thyroid cancer…
- [Do red meat and processed meat cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-red-meat-cause-cancer/): Processed meat (sausages, ham, salami, hot dogs) raises the risk of bowel cancer, and red meat probably does too.
- [Does a biopsy make cancer spread?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-biopsy-spread-cancer/): In practice, no; the risk of cancer spreading because of a biopsy or surgery is very low, and doctors use standard measures to prevent it.
- [Does a high PSA mean prostate cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/high-psa-meaning/): Not necessarily. Benign enlargement and inflammation of the prostate also raise PSA, and only about 1 in 4 men who have a biopsy because of a high PSA…
- [Does alcohol cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-alcohol-cause-cancer/): Yes. The World Health Organization classes alcohol as a proven cause of cancer and of at least seven cancers, including breast, bowel, liver…
- [Does breast cancer hurt? When is breast pain a worry?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/breast-pain/): Breast cancer does not usually cause pain, and breast pain, which most women have at least once, is rarely a sign of cancer.
- [Does breastfeeding lower the risk of breast cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/breastfeeding-breast-cancer-risk/): Yes. The longer a woman breastfeeds her children in total, the lower her risk of breast cancer, and the risk of ovarian cancer is lower too.
- [Does coffee or tea cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-coffee-cause-cancer/): The International Agency for Research on Cancer found no conclusive evidence that coffee causes cancer, and tea has not been classed as carcinogenic; but…
- [Does hair dye cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-hair-dye-cause-cancer/): For most people who dye their hair, the evidence shows no clear increase in cancer risk.
- [Does hair grow back after chemotherapy?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-hair-grow-back-after-chemo/): Yes; hair usually starts to grow back 2 to 3 months after chemotherapy ends and may at first be thinner or a different texture or colour.
- [Does hookah (shisha, waterpipe) cause cancer? Is it safer than cigarettes?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-hookah-cause-cancer/): Yes. Hookah smoke contains the cancer-causing substances of cigarette smoke and is linked to cancers of the lung, mouth, oesophagus, stomach and bladder.
- [Does menopausal hormone therapy (HRT) increase the risk of breast cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-hrt-cause-breast-cancer/): Combined hormone therapy (oestrogen plus a progestogen) raises the risk of breast cancer slightly, and the longer it is used, the larger the increase…
- [Does obesity cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-obesity-cause-cancer/): Yes; excess body fat raises the risk of at least 13 types of cancer, including cancers of the womb, oesophagus, bowel, liver, kidney and pancreas…
- [Does stress or emotional upset cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-stress-cause-cancer/): Large studies so far have not shown that stress or emotional upset on its own raises the risk of most cancers, although not all studies agree.
- [Does sugar make cancer grow?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/does-sugar-feed-cancer/): No; no study has shown that eating sugar makes cancer worse or that cutting it out shrinks cancer.
- [Does the birth control pill cause cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/birth-control-pill-cancer/): Overall, no. The pill raises the risk of breast and cervical cancer slightly while it is being used and for a few years afterwards, but it lowers the risk…
- [Genetic testing for cancer risk: who should be tested? (BRCA, Lynch)](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/genetic-testing-cancer-risk/): Genetic testing for cancer risk uses a blood or saliva sample to show whether you carry an inherited change, such as in BRCA or the Lynch syndrome genes…
- [How do I know if chemotherapy is working?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-chemo-working/): Your doctor judges whether chemotherapy is working by examining you, asking how you feel, and using blood tests and scans such as CT, not by how severe…
- [How fast does cancer grow, and how long can you have it without knowing?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/how-fast-does-cancer-grow/): How fast cancer grows varies hugely from one type to another: some grow over a few days or weeks, while many, such as breast, bowel and prostate cancer…
- [How is cancer diagnosed? CT, MRI, ultrasound, PET and biopsy](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/how-is-cancer-diagnosed/): Cancer is usually diagnosed step by step: an examination, tests, the imaging that fits the symptom and, in most cases, a biopsy.
- [How many chemotherapy sessions will I need?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/how-many-chemo-sessions/): There is no fixed number; chemotherapy is given in "cycles", and how many depends on the type and stage of cancer, the drugs and the aim of treatment…
- [How much does quitting smoking lower cancer risk?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/quitting-smoking-cancer-risk/): A great deal. Quitting smoking lowers the risk of at least 12 types of cancer; lung cancer risk starts to fall within the first few years, and after about…
- [Hypoechoic breast mass, fibroadenoma or cyst: is it dangerous?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/hypoechoic-breast-mass-fibroadenoma/): A hypoechoic mass is a lump that looks darker than the surrounding fat on ultrasound, and the word on its own is not a sign of cancer.
- [Leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma: what is the difference?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/types-of-blood-cancer/): All three are blood cancers, but they start in different places: leukaemia in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow, lymphoma in the lymphocytes…
- [Low or high platelet count: what does it mean?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/low-platelet-count/): A low platelet count is usually caused by a viral infection, a medicine, liver disease, pregnancy or chemotherapy, and a high count usually by infection…
- [Night sweats, fever and itching: when can they be a sign of cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/night-sweats-fever-itching/): Night sweats, fever and itching usually have a simple cause such as the menopause, an infection or a medicine; but heavy night sweats with unexplained…
- [Small cell lung cancer: how it differs and how it is treated](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/small-cell-lung-cancer/): Small cell lung cancer is a type of lung cancer that grows fast and spreads early.
- [Sex, erections and bladder control after prostate cancer treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/prostate-cancer-sex-life/): Most prostate cancer treatments affect erections and sometimes bladder control; surgery has the biggest effect and recovery takes months, radiotherapy…
- [ER, PR, HER2 and Ki-67 on a breast cancer report: what do they mean?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/breast-cancer-er-pr-her2/): ER and PR show whether a tumour grows in response to hormones, HER2 shows whether anti-HER2 drugs will help, and Ki-67 shows how quickly the cells are…
- [Foods that raise or lower cancer risk: what the evidence shows](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/diet-and-cancer-risk/): Strong evidence shows that processed meat, alcohol and excess body weight raise the risk of bowel cancer, and that salt-preserved food, mouldy food…
- [Glioblastoma: treatment and outlook](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/glioblastoma/): Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumour and a grade 4 (fast-growing) tumour.
- [High LDH, ferritin or ESR: do they mean cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/ldh-ferritin-esr-cancer/): LDH, ferritin, ESR, alkaline phosphatase and calcium are general blood tests, and a high result is usually due to infection, inflammation, liver disease…
- [HPV vaccine (Gardasil): does it prevent cancer, and who should get it?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/hpv-vaccine/): Yes. In large studies from Sweden, England and Scotland, girls vaccinated against HPV as teenagers developed far less cervical cancer.
- [Lung nodule on a CT scan: what size is concerning?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/lung-nodule/): A lung nodule is seen on about one in three chest CT scans, and at least 19 in 20 nodules are not cancer.
- [Mammogram or breast ultrasound: which test do I need?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/mammogram-or-ultrasound/): A mammogram and an ultrasound do not replace each other: the mammogram is the main screening test from age 40 and shows calcifications; ultrasound is…
- [Ovarian cyst or ovarian cancer: how can you tell?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/ovarian-cyst-cancer/): Most ovarian cysts are benign, and many go away on their own. A cancerous cyst has no typical symptom; the appearance of the cyst on ultrasound (the…
- [Stomach ulcer, gastritis or stomach cancer: how can you tell?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/stomach-ulcer-or-cancer/): A stomach ulcer, gastritis and stomach cancer can cause the same symptoms, and they cannot be told apart from symptoms alone; the only reliable way is…
- [Swollen lymph nodes: when should you worry?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/swollen-lymph-nodes/): Most swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpit and groin are caused by infection and shrink within a few weeks; a node that has lasted more than 4 weeks…
- [Thyroid nodule and TI-RADS: when is it cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/thyroid-nodule-tirads/): Thyroid nodules are very common, and most are not cancer. TI-RADS is a score given from the appearance of a nodule on ultrasound; together with the size…
- [Is bowel cancer curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-colorectal-cancer-curable/): Yes; bowel (colorectal) cancer that is found early is often cured with surgery, and in stage 3 most people survive with surgery followed by chemotherapy.
- [Is breast cancer curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-breast-cancer-curable/): Most early breast cancers can be cured with standard treatment; almost all women whose cancer is only in the breast are alive 5 years later.
- [Is cancer contagious?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-cancer-contagious/): No; cancer is not contagious and is not passed on through everyday contact. Some contagious infections such as HPV and hepatitis B raise the risk…
- [Is cancer hereditary?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-cancer-hereditary/): Cancer itself is not inherited, but some mutations that raise the risk, such as BRCA, can be.
- [Is chemotherapy dangerous for the people around me? (Children, pregnant women and partners)](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/chemo-safety-for-family/): Being near, hugging and living in the same home as someone having chemotherapy is safe.
- [Is leukaemia curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-leukemia-curable/): Yes; many types of leukaemia (blood cancer) can be cured or controlled for many years.
- [Is liver cancer curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-liver-cancer-curable/): Yes; liver cancer that is found early can be cured with surgery, destroying the tumour with heat, or a liver transplant.
- [Is lung cancer curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-lung-cancer-curable/): Lung cancer found early is often cured with surgery or radiotherapy, and some people with stage 3 disease are cured too.
- [Is lymphoma curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-lymphoma-curable/): Yes; most people with Hodgkin lymphoma and many people with fast-growing (aggressive) non-Hodgkin lymphomas are cured.
- [Is ovarian cancer curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-ovarian-cancer-curable/): Ovarian cancer found early is cured in most women. In advanced stages, complete surgery and chemotherapy, followed by PARP inhibitor tablets in women…
- [Is pancreatic cancer curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-pancreatic-cancer-curable/): Pancreatic cancer that can still be removed with surgery has a real chance of cure with surgery followed by chemotherapy.
- [Is prostate cancer curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-prostate-cancer-curable/): Yes; prostate cancer that has stayed in the prostate is almost always cured or controlled for years, and almost all patients are alive after 5 years.
- [Is stomach cancer curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-stomach-cancer-curable/): Yes; stomach cancer that is found early is often cured by removing it through an endoscope or with surgery.
- [Is thyroid cancer curable?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/is-thyroid-cancer-curable/): Most thyroid cancers are not fatal and can be cured; in the most common type (papillary), more than 9 in 10 patients are alive 20 years later.
- [Pap smear and HPV test: who needs them and how often?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/pap-smear/): A Pap smear checks cells from the cervix for precancerous changes, and an HPV test looks for the virus that causes these changes.
- [Understanding your scan report: lesion, nodule, unremarkable, hypodense and more](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/radiology-report-terms/): Most words in an imaging report, such as lesion, nodule, hypodense or reactive lymph node, only describe what a finding looks like and do not on their own…
- [Unexplained weight loss: when is it a sign of cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/unexplained-weight-loss/): Losing weight without trying should be checked if it is more than one-twentieth of your body weight over 6 to 12 months; most often the cause is…
- [What are the most common and deadliest cancers?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/most-common-cancers/): Worldwide, lung, breast and bowel (colorectal) cancer are the most common cancers, and lung cancer causes the most deaths.
- [What are the side effects of chemotherapy?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/chemotherapy-side-effects/): Tiredness, nausea, mouth sores, hair loss and low white blood cells are common side effects of chemotherapy, and most improve after treatment.
- [What are the signs and symptoms of cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/signs-of-cancer/): Cancer has no single symptom that lets you tell for yourself that you have it.
- [What are the signs of cancer in men?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-cancer-in-men/): The most common warning signs of cancer in men: blood in the urine or stool, changes in passing urine, a painless lump in a testicle, a lump…
- [What are the signs of cancer in women?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-cancer-in-women/): The most common warning signs of cancer in women: a new lump or change in the breast, bleeding between periods, after sex or after the menopause, bloating…
- [What are the stages of cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/cancer-stages/): The stage shows how big a tumour is and how far it has spread. The TNM system is the most common method, and stages 0 to 4 range from abnormal cells…
- [What are the symptoms of a brain tumour?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-brain-tumor/): Brain tumour symptoms depend on where the tumour is: seizures, weakness or numbness on one side, trouble speaking or seeing, changes in behaviour…
- [What are the symptoms of bladder cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-bladder-cancer/): The most important and most common symptom of bladder cancer is blood in the urine, which may be painless and may come and go; passing urine often…
- [What are the symptoms of bowel cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-colon-cancer/): Bowel cancer often has no symptoms at first; blood in the stool, a lasting change in bowel habit, abdominal discomfort, unexplained weight loss…
- [What are the symptoms of breast cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-breast-cancer/): The most common symptom of breast cancer is a new lump or thickening in the breast or armpit; changes in breast shape, nipple discharge and skin changes…
- [What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-cervical-cancer/): Early cervical cancer usually has no symptoms. Its most common symptom is unusual vaginal bleeding: after sex, between periods or after the menopause.
- [What are the symptoms of endometrial (womb) cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-endometrial-cancer/): The most important symptom of endometrial (womb or uterine) cancer is bleeding or spotting after the menopause; about 9 in 10 women with this cancer have…
- [What are the symptoms of kidney cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-kidney-cancer/): Kidney cancer usually causes no symptoms and is found by chance on an ultrasound or CT scan; blood in the urine, flank pain that does not go away, a lump…
- [What are the symptoms of leukaemia?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-leukemia/): Symptoms of leukaemia include tiredness, paleness, fever and repeated infections, and easy bruising and bleeding; the first step to diagnosis is a full…
- [What are the symptoms of liver cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-liver-cancer/): Liver cancer may cause no symptoms for a long time; pain or a lump under the right ribs, a swollen abdomen, jaundice, weight loss and tiredness are among…
- [What are the symptoms of lung cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-lung-cancer/): Lung cancer sometimes has no symptoms; a persistent or worsening cough, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, hoarseness and unexplained…
- [What are the symptoms of lymphoma?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-lymphoma/): The commonest symptom of lymphoma is a painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpit or groin that lasts for several weeks; unexplained fever…
- [What are the symptoms of mouth cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-mouth-cancer/): The most important symptom of mouth cancer is a mouth ulcer that has not healed after 3 weeks; a white or red patch, a lump in the mouth or neck, bleeding…
- [What are the symptoms of multiple myeloma?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-multiple-myeloma/): Symptoms of multiple myeloma include bone pain (especially in the back and ribs), tiredness from anaemia, kidney problems, high calcium and repeated…
- [What are the symptoms of oesophageal cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-esophageal-cancer/): The most important symptoms of oesophageal cancer are difficulty or pain when swallowing and weight loss; pain behind the breastbone, hoarseness, cough…
- [What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-ovarian-cancer/): The symptoms of ovarian cancer are vague: bloating and a swollen abdomen, pelvic pain or pressure, feeling full quickly and passing urine often.
- [What are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-pancreatic-cancer/): Pancreatic cancer usually causes no symptoms at first; yellowing of the skin and eyes, dark urine, unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite, upper…
- [What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-prostate-cancer/): Prostate cancer usually has no symptoms at first; urinary problems such as getting up at night and a weak flow are more often due to benign prostate…
- [What are the symptoms of skin cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-skin-cancer/): Skin cancer appears as a sore that does not heal, a shiny, firm or scaly spot that bleeds, or a mole that changes in size, shape or colour.
- [What are the symptoms of stomach cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-stomach-cancer/): Stomach cancer often has no symptoms at first or feels like indigestion; unexplained weight loss, vomiting, black stools and difficulty swallowing are…
- [What are the symptoms of testicular cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-testicular-cancer/): The most common symptom of testicular cancer is a painless lump or swelling in one testicle.
- [What are the symptoms of throat cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-throat-cancer/): Throat cancer (cancer of the pharynx or larynx) shows itself through a hoarse voice that does not get better, a lasting sore throat, painful or difficult…
- [What are the symptoms of thyroid cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-thyroid-cancer/): Thyroid cancer may have no symptoms and is often found as a lump in the neck; hoarseness and difficulty swallowing or breathing are also symptoms.
- [What are the warning signs of cancer in children?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/symptoms-of-childhood-cancer/): Warning signs of cancer in children include unexplained fever and paleness, easy bruising and bleeding, bone pain or limping, a lump or swelling, a white…
- [What causes cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-causes-cancer/): Cancer arises from changes in the genes of cells; these changes mostly happen by chance and build up as we get older.
- [What does a cancerous mole look like? How to spot a dangerous mole](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/cancerous-mole/): A cancerous mole (melanoma) is usually a mole that looks different from your other moles or is changing: uneven, with an irregular edge, several colours…
- [What does a high CA 19-9 mean?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/high-ca19-9-meaning/): CA 19-9 is a tumour marker used mainly in pancreatic and bile duct cancer, but jaundice and a blocked bile duct, inflammation of the pancreas, poorly…
- [What does a high CA-125 mean?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/high-ca125-meaning/): CA-125 is the ovarian tumour marker, but most of the time a high level does not mean cancer; periods, pregnancy, endometriosis, fibroids, liver disease…
- [What does a high CEA in a blood test mean?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/high-cea-meaning/): A high CEA can be a sign of bowel or other cancers, but it is also raised in smokers and in benign conditions; it is not suitable for screening.
- [What does leukaemia look like on a blood test (CBC)?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/leukemia-blood-test-cbc/): Almost every leukaemia changes the complete blood count (CBC), but most CBC changes have a simpler cause such as an infection.
- [What does metastasis mean, and can it be treated?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-metastasis/): Metastasis means cancer spreading to distant parts of the body (often stage 4).
- [What does my BI-RADS score mean?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/birads/): BI-RADS is a number from 0 to 6 at the end of a breast mammogram, ultrasound or MRI report that shows how likely a finding is to be cancer and what…
- [What does my Gleason score mean?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/gleason-score/): The Gleason score shows how abnormal prostate cancer cells look under a microscope; it is the sum of two numbers, ranges from 6 to 10, and today is…
- [What does remission mean? Remission, NED, cure and stable disease](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/remission-meaning/): Remission means that the signs of cancer have reduced or disappeared with treatment; but complete remission does not always mean cure.
- [What is a biopsy, and how long do results take?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/biopsy/): A biopsy means removing a small piece of tissue to examine under a microscope; in most cases it is the only sure way to diagnose cancer.
- [What is a bone scan, and what do the results mean?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/bone-scan/): A whole-body bone scan uses an injection of a very small amount of radioactive material to show the parts of the skeleton where bone is repairing…
- [What is a PET scan and how is it used in cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-a-pet-scan/): A PET scan uses an injection of labelled sugar (FDG) to show tissue activity and is used for staging, assessing response and finding recurrence of cancer…
- [What is a tumour marker and when is it useful?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-a-tumor-marker/): A tumour marker is a substance in the blood or tissue that gives information about cancer; it is most useful for following treatment and recurrence, not…
- [What is AFP in a blood test? Does a high AFP mean liver cancer?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/high-afp-meaning/): AFP is a tumour marker that rises in liver cancer and in germ cell tumours such as some testicular cancers, but hepatitis, cirrhosis and pregnancy can…
- [What is cancer and how does it start?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-cancer/): Cancer means that some of the body's own cells grow out of control and can spread into nearby tissue and to other parts of the body.
- [What is cancer immunotherapy?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-immunotherapy/): Immunotherapy helps the immune system recognise and destroy cancer cells; checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T are among its types.
- [What is cancer recurrence and how is it followed up?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-cancer-recurrence/): Recurrence means cancer coming back after treatment, from cells the first treatment did not destroy.
- [What is CAR-T cell therapy, and what are its side effects?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-car-t-cell-therapy/): In CAR-T cell therapy, a patient's own T cells (immune cells) are taken from the blood, changed in a laboratory so that they find cancer cells, and given…
- [What is chemotherapy and how is it given?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-chemotherapy/): Chemotherapy uses medicines that kill cancer cells, or stop them growing, anywhere in the body.
- [What is DCIS (stage 0 breast cancer)?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/dcis-stage-0/): DCIS means abnormal cells inside the milk ducts of the breast that have not reached the surrounding tissue; it is also called stage 0 breast cancer.
- [What is HPV? Is it dangerous and does it go away?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-hpv/): HPV is a very common virus, and almost everyone who has sex gets it at some point.
- [What is palliative care, and how is it different from hospice?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-palliative-care/): Palliative care means easing pain and other symptoms and supporting the patient and their family, at any stage of cancer and alongside treatment…
- [What is radiotherapy and what are its side effects?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-radiotherapy/): Radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation to damage the DNA of cancer cells. Side effects depend on the area treated, and tiredness is common.
- [What is targeted cancer therapy?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/what-is-targeted-therapy/): Targeted therapy targets specific proteins in cancer cells, and biomarker testing is usually needed first; a successful example is imatinib in chronic…
- [What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumour?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/benign-vs-malignant-tumor/): A benign tumour does not invade nearby tissue or spread; a malignant tumour (cancer) can invade and metastasise. A firm diagnosis is made with a biopsy.
- [When do chemotherapy side effects start, and how long do they last?](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/chemo-side-effects-timeline/): Most side effects are strongest in the first few days and the second week after each session: nausea and tiredness from day 1 to a few days later…
- [Wilms tumour and neuroblastoma in children](https://drdabiri.com/en/questions/wilms-tumor-neuroblastoma/): Wilms tumour is the most common kidney cancer in children and is usually found between the ages of 2 and 5; with surgery and chemotherapy, about 9…

## News
- [Exercise as treatment: a 3-year exercise programme cut the risk of bowel cancer coming back by 28%](https://drdabiri.com/en/news/exercise-colon-cancer-challenge-trial/): A regular 3-year exercise programme after chemotherapy for bowel cancer meant the disease came back less often and patients lived longer.
- [Head and neck cancer: the first immunotherapy before and after surgery, after two decades](https://drdabiri.com/en/news/perioperative-pembrolizumab-head-neck-cancer/): Adding immunotherapy before and after surgery in advanced head and neck cancer kept more patients free of the cancer coming back for up to 3 years…
- [Low-dose aspirin halved bowel cancer recurrence in patients with PI3K mutations](https://drdabiri.com/en/news/aspirin-pi3k-colorectal-cancer/): In people with bowel cancer whose tumour had a particular genetic change, one low-dose aspirin tablet a day after treatment almost halved the chance…
- [Targeted lutetium-PSMA radiation treatment reaches an earlier stage of prostate cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/news/lutetium-psma-hormone-sensitive-prostate-cancer/): A treatment that carries a radioactive substance straight to prostate cancer cells has now, together with hormone therapy, also kept the disease under…
- [First CAR-T cell therapy approved for a solid tumour: satri-cel in stomach cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/news/satri-cel-car-t-gastric-cancer/): The patient's own immune cells are changed so that they attack stomach cancer cells; this is the first CAR-T cell therapy for a solid cancer, and it has…
- [Daraxonrasib: the first anti-RAS drug to double survival in pancreatic cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/news/daraxonrasib-pancreatic-cancer/): In advanced pancreatic cancer that had already been treated, daraxonrasib tablets almost doubled how long patients lived, and the drug has been approved…
- [Hormone-positive breast cancer: an all-oral giredestrant + everolimus regimen delayed progression](https://drdabiri.com/en/news/giredestrant-everolimus-breast-cancer/): In advanced hormone-positive breast cancer that had grown after earlier treatment, a combination of two tablets kept the disease under control almost…
- [Multiple myeloma: teclistamab plus daratumumab cut the risk of progression by 83%](https://drdabiri.com/en/news/teclistamab-daratumumab-myeloma/): In myeloma that has come back, a combination of two antibody drugs kept the disease under control in about 8 in every 10 patients for up to 3 years…
- [Stomach cancer: immunotherapy around surgery now also improves overall survival](https://drdabiri.com/en/news/matterhorn-durvalumab-gastric-cancer/): Adding an immunotherapy drug to chemotherapy before and after surgery for stomach cancer helped patients live longer.
- [Ivonescimab: a dual-action antibody helped people with lung cancer live longer](https://drdabiri.com/en/news/ivonescimab-lung-cancer-survival/): A new antibody that hits two targets at once, given with chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer, helped patients live longer than a widely used…

## Tools for patients
- [Screening guide](https://drdabiri.com/en/screening/): Which tests are recommended for your age and sex?
- [Glossary](https://drdabiri.com/en/glossary/): Medical terms explained

## Clinical tools and calculators
- [Body Surface Area (BSA) and Chemotherapy Dose Calculator](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/bsa-calculator/): Body surface area calculator (Mosteller and DuBois) with total dose of chemotherapy from mg/m² or mg/kg, and the ASCO recommendation on dosing in obesity.
- [Creatinine Clearance and eGFR Calculator](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/creatinine-clearance-calculator/): Creatinine clearance (Cockcroft-Gault) and eGFR (CKD-EPI 2021) calculator for dosing anticancer drugs in renal impairment.
- [Carboplatin Dose Calculator (Calvert Formula)](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/carboplatin-dose-calculator/): Carboplatin dose calculator using the Calvert formula and Cockcroft-Gault creatinine clearance, with the 125 mL/min cap and an option to round up low…
- [Cumulative Anthracycline Dose and Doxorubicin Equivalents](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/anthracycline-cumulative-dose/): Calculator for cumulative anthracycline dose using doxorubicin-equivalence ratios, with the ASCO and ESC high-risk thresholds for cardiac monitoring.
- [Corticosteroid Dose Conversion Calculator](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/steroid-conversion-calculator/): Calculator for equivalent corticosteroid doses for immunotherapy side effects, antiemesis and supportive care in cancer patients.
- [ANC Calculator (Absolute Neutrophil Count)](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/anc-calculator/): Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) calculator with CTCAE neutropenia grading, the definition of febrile neutropenia and what to do immediately.
- [MASCC Score for Febrile Neutropenia](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/mascc-score/): MASCC risk index calculator for febrile neutropenia and the criteria for oral outpatient treatment per the ASCO/IDSA guideline.
- [CISNE Score in Clinically Stable Febrile Neutropenia](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/cisne-score/): CISNE score calculator for clinically stable solid-tumour patients with febrile neutropenia, to select candidates for outpatient treatment.
- [G-CSF Prophylaxis: Is It Needed?](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/gcsf-primary-prophylaxis/): Decision aid for prophylactic G-CSF (filgrastim, pegfilgrastim) based on the febrile neutropenia risk of the regimen and patient risk factors, following…
- [Preventing Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Choosing the Antiemetic Regimen](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/antiemetic-regimen-cinv/): Tool to choose prophylactic antiemetics (aprepitant, palonosetron, dexamethasone, olanzapine) by the emetogenic risk of chemotherapy, following ASCO…
- [Tumour Lysis Syndrome: Cairo-Bishop Criteria and Prevention](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/tumor-lysis-syndrome-criteria/): Tool to diagnose tumour lysis syndrome with the Cairo-Bishop criteria, with risk groups and prevention with hydration, allopurinol and rasburicase.
- [Corrected Calcium Calculator and Hypercalcaemia of Malignancy](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/corrected-calcium-calculator/): Albumin-corrected calcium calculator and treatment of hypercalcaemia of malignancy (hydration, zoledronic acid, denosumab, calcitonin).
- [QTc Calculator (Fridericia and Bazett) for Anticancer Drugs](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/qtc-calculator/): QTc calculator with the Fridericia and Bazett formulas and CTCAE grading for monitoring QT-prolonging anticancer drugs such as arsenic trioxide…
- [Khorana Score (Cancer-Associated Thrombosis Risk)](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/khorana-score/): Khorana score calculator for venous thromboembolism risk in ambulatory cancer patients and prophylaxis with apixaban or rivaroxaban per ASCO 2023.
- [CARG Score: Chemotherapy Toxicity Risk in Older Adults](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/carg-toxicity-score/): CARG score calculator to predict severe chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with cancer, with the ASCO recommendation for geriatric assessment.
- [G8 Geriatric Screening Before Cancer Treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/g8-geriatric-screening/): The G8 questionnaire to screen older adults with cancer before treatment; a score of 14 or less indicates the need for a comprehensive geriatric…
- [ECOG and Karnofsky Performance Status](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/ecog-karnofsky/): Table and tool for patient performance status on the ECOG and Karnofsky (KPS) scales and what it means for cancer treatment decisions.
- [HCT-CI Comorbidity Index Before Stem Cell Transplantation](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/hct-ci-calculator/): HCT-CI (Sorror) calculator for non-relapse mortality risk before allogeneic transplantation and choosing conditioning intensity.
- [IPI, R-IPI, NCCN-IPI and CNS-IPI Calculator for DLBCL](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/ipi-dlbcl-calculator/): Calculator for the IPI, R-IPI, NCCN-IPI and CNS-IPI in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in the rituximab era.
- [Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) Calculator](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/flipi-calculator/): FLIPI calculator for prognosis in follicular lymphoma and what it means for treatment decisions.
- [International Prognostic Score (IPS) for Advanced Hodgkin Lymphoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/hodgkin-ips-calculator/): IPS (Hasenclever score) calculator for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma and its place in current treatment.
- [Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MIPI) Calculator](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/mipi-calculator/): MIPI calculator for prognosis in mantle cell lymphoma with the continuous formula and risk groups.
- [CLL-IPI Calculator (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Prognostic Index)](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/cll-ipi-calculator/): CLL-IPI calculator for prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and the role of TP53 and IGHV testing in choosing targeted therapy.
- [ELTS and Sokal Score Calculator in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/cml-elts-sokal-calculator/): ELTS and Sokal score calculator for chronic myeloid leukaemia at diagnosis, and choosing imatinib or a second-generation TKI according to ELN 2020.
- [Myeloma Staging Calculator: ISS, R-ISS and R2-ISS](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/myeloma-r2-iss-calculator/): Multiple myeloma staging calculator with ISS, R-ISS and R2-ISS from blood tests and FISH abnormalities.
- [IPSS-R Calculator for Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/ipss-r-calculator/): IPSS-R calculator for prognosis in myelodysplastic syndromes and choosing low-intensity treatment or transplant, with the role of IPSS-M.
- [ELN 2022 Genetic Risk Classification of AML](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/eln-2022-aml-risk/): Tool to assign the ELN 2022 genetic risk group in acute myeloid leukaemia (NPM1, FLT3-ITD, CEBPA, TP53, myelodysplasia-related mutations).
- [Opioid Conversion Calculator (Morphine Equivalents)](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/opioid-conversion-calculator/): Calculator for oral morphine milligram equivalents per day and the starting dose of a new opioid with a reduction for incomplete cross-tolerance…
- [Chemotherapy Calendar: Dates of Every Treatment Day](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/chemotherapy-calendar/): Tool to build a printable calendar of chemotherapy treatment dates from the start date, cycle length and treatment days.
- [Should I Be Screened for Lung Cancer? (Pack-Year Calculator)](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/lung-cancer-screening-eligibility/): Pack-year calculator and lung cancer screening eligibility for low-dose CT according to the US Preventive Services Task Force (2021).
- [Localised Prostate Cancer Risk Group Calculator](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/prostate-cancer-risk-group/): Tool to assign the risk group of localised prostate cancer from PSA, ISUP grade group and clinical stage, with the suggested treatment for each group.
- [Child-Pugh and ALBI Score Calculator in Liver Cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/child-pugh-albi-calculator/): Child-Pugh score and ALBI grade calculator to assess liver function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and choose treatment according to BCLC.
- [Colon Cancer TNM Staging Calculator (AJCC 8th Edition)](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/colon-cancer-staging-tnm/): Colorectal cancer staging calculator using the AJCC 8th edition TNM system, with the adjuvant chemotherapy recommendation for each stage.
- [Lung Cancer TNM Staging Calculator (9th Edition)](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/lung-cancer-staging-tnm/): Non-small cell lung cancer staging calculator using the 9th edition of TNM (from 2025): N2 split into N2a and N2b, M1c into M1c1 and M1c2, and the stage…
- [Breast Cancer TNM Staging Calculator (AJCC 8th Edition)](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/breast-cancer-staging-tnm/): Anatomic breast cancer staging calculator using the AJCC 8th edition TNM system, with an explanation of the prognostic stage based on grade, hormone…
- [NNT, Absolute and Relative Risk Reduction Calculator](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/nnt-calculator/): Calculator for the number needed to treat (NNT), absolute risk reduction (ARR) and relative risk reduction (RRR) from the event rates of two trial arms.
- [RECIST 1.1 Tumour Response Calculator](https://drdabiri.com/en/tools/recist-response-calculator/): Tumour response calculator based on RECIST 1.1 (CR, PR, SD, PD) from the sum of diameters at baseline, nadir and today, with the iRECIST note…

## Systemic treatment regimens
- [FOLFOX (mFOLFOX6): dose, schedule and side effects](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/folfox/): Dose and schedule of mFOLFOX6 (oxaliplatin 85, leucovorin 400, fluorouracil 400 bolus and 2400 as a 46-hour infusion), length of adjuvant treatment…
- [CAPOX (XELOX): dose, schedule and side effects](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/capox/): Dose and schedule of CAPOX or XELOX (oxaliplatin 130 and capecitabine 1000 twice daily, days 1 to 14), length of adjuvant treatment, renal adjustment…
- [FOLFIRI regimen: dose, schedule and side effects](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/folfiri/): Dose and schedule of FOLFIRI (irinotecan 180, leucovorin 400, fluorouracil 400 bolus and 2400 as a 46-hour infusion), diarrhoea control, UGT1A1 and dose…
- [FOLFIRINOX and mFOLFIRINOX: dose and side effects](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/folfirinox/): Dose and schedule of FOLFIRINOX in metastatic pancreatic cancer and mFOLFIRINOX as adjuvant treatment after surgery, patient selection, G-CSF and dose…
- [Gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel: dose and schedule](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel/): Dose and schedule of gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel (albumin-bound paclitaxel) in metastatic pancreatic cancer, side effects and dose adjustment.
- [FLOT regimen: dose and schedule in gastric and oesophageal cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/flot/): Dose and schedule of perioperative FLOT in gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, premedication, G-CSF and the results of the FLOT4 study.
- [CROSS regimen: chemoradiotherapy before oesophageal surgery](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/cross-chemoradiation/): Dose and schedule of the CROSS regimen (weekly carboplatin and paclitaxel with radiotherapy) before surgery for oesophageal cancer, and adjuvant nivolumab…
- [Gemcitabine-cisplatin with durvalumab in biliary tract cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/gemcitabine-cisplatin-durvalumab/): Dose and schedule of gemcitabine and cisplatin with durvalumab in advanced biliary tract and gallbladder cancer (TOPAZ-1 and ABC-02).
- [Nivolumab with CAPOX or FOLFOX in gastric cancer (CheckMate 649)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/nivolumab-chemotherapy-gastric/): Dose and schedule of nivolumab with CAPOX or FOLFOX in advanced HER2-negative gastric and oesophageal cancer (CheckMate 649), and the role of PD-L1 CPS.
- [AC followed by paclitaxel (dose-dense and weekly)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/dose-dense-ac-paclitaxel/): Dose and schedule of dose-dense AC every 2 weeks with G-CSF followed by paclitaxel, and 3-weekly AC followed by weekly paclitaxel in early breast cancer.
- [Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) in rectal cancer: the RAPIDO regimen](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/rapido-total-neoadjuvant-rectal/): Dose and schedule of the RAPIDO regimen for high-risk rectal cancer: short-course radiotherapy followed by 6 cycles of CAPOX or 9 cycles of FOLFOX4 before…
- [FOLFOXIRI with bevacizumab in metastatic bowel cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/folfoxiri-bevacizumab/): Dose and schedule of FOLFOXIRI with bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (TRIBE): irinotecan, oxaliplatin, leucovorin and 48-hour fluorouracil.
- [TC regimen (docetaxel and cyclophosphamide): dose and schedule](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/docetaxel-cyclophosphamide-tc/): Dose and schedule of the TC regimen (docetaxel 75 and cyclophosphamide 600 every 3 weeks) as adjuvant treatment of breast cancer, premedication and G-CSF.
- [TCHP regimen: dose and schedule in HER2-positive breast cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/tchp/): Dose and schedule of neoadjuvant TCHP in HER2-positive breast cancer, trastuzumab and pertuzumab loading doses, cardiac monitoring and continuing…
- [Weekly paclitaxel with trastuzumab (APT regimen)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/paclitaxel-trastuzumab-apt/): Dose and schedule of 12 weeks of weekly paclitaxel with one year of trastuzumab (APT/Tolaney regimen) in small node-negative HER2-positive breast cancer.
- [KEYNOTE-522 regimen: pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/keynote-522-pembrolizumab-chemotherapy/): Dose and schedule of the KEYNOTE-522 regimen for early triple-negative breast cancer: pembrolizumab with paclitaxel-carboplatin and AC/EC before surgery…
- [Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1, Kadcyla): dose and schedule](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/trastuzumab-emtansine-tdm1/): Dose and schedule of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in HER2-positive breast cancer with residual disease after neoadjuvant treatment, dose reduction…
- [Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd, Enhertu): dose and monitoring](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/trastuzumab-deruxtecan-tdxd/): Dose and schedule of trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive and HER2-low breast cancer, nausea prevention, and monitoring and treatment of pneumonitis…
- [Adjuvant capecitabine after neoadjuvant treatment (CREATE-X)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/capecitabine-adjuvant-create-x/): Dose and schedule of adjuvant capecitabine 1250 mg/m² twice daily, days 1 to 14, for 6 to 8 cycles after surgery in breast cancer with residual disease.
- [Sacituzumab govitecan (Trodelvy)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/sacituzumab-govitecan/): Dose and schedule of sacituzumab govitecan 10 mg/kg on days 1 and 8 every 21 days in advanced triple-negative breast cancer (ASCENT), and prevention…
- [Pembrolizumab with chemotherapy in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (KEYNOTE-355)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/pembrolizumab-chemotherapy-metastatic-tnbc/): Dose and schedule of pembrolizumab with nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel or gemcitabine-carboplatin in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer with CPS 10…
- [Carboplatin, pemetrexed and pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-189)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/carboplatin-pemetrexed-pembrolizumab/): Dose and schedule of platinum and pemetrexed with pembrolizumab in metastatic non-squamous lung cancer (KEYNOTE-189), vitamin premedication…
- [Carboplatin, paclitaxel and pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-407)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/carboplatin-paclitaxel-pembrolizumab/): Dose and schedule of carboplatin with paclitaxel or nab-paclitaxel plus pembrolizumab in metastatic squamous lung cancer (KEYNOTE-407).
- [Carboplatin-etoposide with atezolizumab or durvalumab in small cell lung cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/carboplatin-etoposide-immunotherapy-sclc/): Dose and schedule of platinum-etoposide with atezolizumab (IMpower133) or durvalumab (CASPIAN) in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, and maintenance.
- [Durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage 3 lung cancer (PACIFIC)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/durvalumab-pacific-consolidation/): Dose and schedule of one year of consolidation durvalumab after concurrent chemoradiotherapy in unresectable stage 3 non-small cell lung cancer (PACIFIC).
- [Pembrolizumab alone in lung cancer with high PD-L1 (KEYNOTE-024)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/pembrolizumab-first-line-nsclc/): Dose and schedule of single-agent pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks in advanced non-small cell lung cancer with PD-L1 of at least 50% (KEYNOTE-024).
- [Osimertinib with pemetrexed and platinum (FLAURA2)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/osimertinib-chemotherapy-flaura2/): Dose and schedule of osimertinib with pemetrexed and cisplatin or carboplatin, followed by maintenance osimertinib and pemetrexed, in EGFR-mutant lung…
- [Amivantamab with lazertinib (MARIPOSA)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/amivantamab-lazertinib/): Dose and schedule of IV amivantamab with oral lazertinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer (MARIPOSA), premedication, prevention of blood clots and skin toxicity.
- [Adjuvant alectinib after surgery for ALK-positive lung cancer (ALINA)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/alectinib-adjuvant-alina/): Dose and schedule of alectinib 600 mg twice daily for 2 years after surgery for stage IB to IIIA ALK-positive lung cancer (ALINA).
- [BEP in germ cell (testicular) tumours](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/bep/): Dose and schedule of BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin) in testicular cancer and germ cell tumours, bleomycin lung toxicity and the no-delay rule.
- [Gemcitabine-cisplatin in bladder cancer and maintenance avelumab](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/gemcitabine-cisplatin-bladder/): Dose and schedule of gemcitabine-cisplatin in urothelial (bladder) cancer and maintenance avelumab after response; criteria for cisplatin eligibility.
- [Enfortumab vedotin with pembrolizumab (EV-302)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/enfortumab-vedotin-pembrolizumab/): Dose and schedule of enfortumab vedotin 1.25 mg/kg on days 1 and 8 with pembrolizumab in advanced bladder cancer, and monitoring of skin, glucose…
- [Docetaxel in metastatic prostate cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/docetaxel-prostate/): Dose and schedule of docetaxel 75 mg/m² every 3 weeks in metastatic castration-resistant and hormone-sensitive prostate cancer with hormone therapy.
- [Immunotherapy regimens in kidney cancer: pembrolizumab-axitinib, nivolumab-ipilimumab and adjuvant pembrolizumab](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/kidney-cancer-immunotherapy-regimens/): Dose and schedule of pembrolizumab with axitinib, nivolumab with ipilimumab and adjuvant pembrolizumab in clear cell kidney cancer.
- [Darolutamide with docetaxel and hormone therapy (ARASENS)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/darolutamide-docetaxel-adt/): Dose and schedule of darolutamide 600 mg twice daily with hormone therapy and 6 cycles of docetaxel in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer…
- [Lenvatinib with pembrolizumab in kidney cancer (CLEAR)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/lenvatinib-pembrolizumab-rcc/): Dose and schedule of lenvatinib 20 mg daily with pembrolizumab in advanced clear cell kidney cancer (CLEAR), and management of side effects.
- [Carboplatin and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/carboplatin-paclitaxel-ovarian/): Dose and schedule of carboplatin AUC 5 to 6 and paclitaxel 175 every 3 weeks or weekly paclitaxel in ovarian cancer, and the results of ICON8 and JGOG…
- [Weekly cisplatin with radiotherapy (cervical cancer)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/weekly-cisplatin-chemoradiation/): Dose and schedule of weekly cisplatin 40 mg/m² with pelvic radiotherapy and brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer.
- [Pembrolizumab in cervical cancer: with chemoradiotherapy and in metastatic disease](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/pembrolizumab-cervical-cancer/): Dose and schedule of pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy in high-risk locally advanced cervical cancer (KEYNOTE-A18) and with platinum-paclitaxel ±…
- [Dostarlimab with carboplatin-paclitaxel in endometrial cancer (RUBY)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/dostarlimab-carboplatin-paclitaxel-endometrial/): Dose and schedule of dostarlimab with carboplatin and paclitaxel, followed by dostarlimab alone, in advanced endometrial cancer (RUBY).
- [Cisplatin with radiotherapy in head and neck cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/cisplatin-radiotherapy-head-neck/): Dose and schedule of cisplatin 100 mg/m² every 3 weeks or a lower weekly dose with radiotherapy in head and neck cancer, after surgery and as definitive…
- [TPF (induction) regimen in head and neck cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/tpf-induction/): Dose and schedule of TPF induction chemotherapy in unresectable head and neck cancer or for larynx preservation, with antibiotic prophylaxis and G-CSF.
- [First-line regimens for recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer: pembrolizumab and EXTREME](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/extreme-keynote-048/): Dose and schedule of pembrolizumab with platinum and fluorouracil (KEYNOTE-048) and the EXTREME regimen with cetuximab in recurrent or metastatic head…
- [R-CHOP regimen: dose, schedule and practical points](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/r-chop/): Dose and schedule of R-CHOP in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and other B-cell lymphomas, prevention of hepatitis B reactivation, pre-phase in older…
- [Pola-R-CHP in DLBCL](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/pola-r-chp/): Dose and schedule of polatuzumab vedotin with R-CHP (POLARIX) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with intermediate to high IPI.
- [ABVD in Hodgkin lymphoma and AVD after a negative PET](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/abvd/): Dose and schedule of ABVD in Hodgkin lymphoma, PET-adapted treatment after 2 cycles and omitting bleomycin (RATHL), pulmonary toxicity, fever…
- [BV-AVD in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/bv-avd/): Dose and schedule of brentuximab vedotin with AVD (ECHELON-1) in stage 3 and 4 Hodgkin lymphoma, with G-CSF prophylaxis and neuropathy monitoring.
- [BR regimen (bendamustine and rituximab)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/bendamustine-rituximab/): Dose and schedule of bendamustine 90 on days 1 and 2 with rituximab in follicular, marginal zone and mantle cell lymphoma, with infection prevention.
- [VRd and D-VRd regimens in myeloma](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/vrd-myeloma/): Dose and schedule of VRd (SWOG S0777) and D-VRd (PERSEUS) in newly diagnosed myeloma, prevention of thrombosis and shingles, and preparation…
- [DRd regimen (daratumumab, lenalidomide, dexamethasone) in myeloma](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/drd-myeloma/): Dose and schedule of daratumumab with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in newly diagnosed myeloma in transplant-ineligible patients (MAIA), until…
- [7+3 regimen (AML induction) and high-dose cytarabine](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/7-plus-3-aml-induction/): Dose and schedule of 7+3 induction in acute myeloid leukaemia (cytarabine and daunorubicin 60 to 90), adding midostaurin if FLT3-positive…
- [KRd regimen (carfilzomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone) in myeloma](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/krd-myeloma/): Dose and schedule of twice-weekly carfilzomib 20/27 mg/m² with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed myeloma (ASPIRE), and heart and kidney…
- [Azacitidine with venetoclax in AML](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/azacitidine-venetoclax/): Dose and schedule of azacitidine and venetoclax with a gradual venetoclax ramp-up in AML patients unfit for intensive treatment, azole interactions…
- [Tretinoin (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide in APL](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/atra-arsenic-apl/): Dose and schedule of ATRA and arsenic trioxide for induction and consolidation in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL0406), and prevention and treatment…
- [Venetoclax and obinutuzumab in CLL (the 12-month CLL14 regimen)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/venetoclax-obinutuzumab-cll/): Dose and schedule of 12 months of venetoclax-obinutuzumab in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL14), the weekly venetoclax ramp-up, tumour lysis risk…
- [The Stupp regimen: temozolomide with radiotherapy in glioblastoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/stupp-temozolomide/): Dose and schedule of temozolomide 75 with radiotherapy and 150 to 200 mg/m² on days 1 to 5 afterwards in glioblastoma (the Stupp regimen).
- [Nivolumab with ipilimumab in melanoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/nivolumab-ipilimumab-melanoma/): Dose and schedule of nivolumab 1 and ipilimumab 3 mg/kg every 3 weeks, then maintenance nivolumab in advanced melanoma; immune-related toxicity…
- [Lenvatinib with pembrolizumab in endometrial cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/lenvatinib-pembrolizumab-endometrial/): Dose and schedule of lenvatinib 20 mg daily with pembrolizumab in advanced endometrial cancer after platinum chemotherapy, management of blood pressure…
- [Atezolizumab with bevacizumab in liver cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/atezolizumab-bevacizumab-hcc/): Dose and schedule of atezolizumab 1200 and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks in advanced liver cancer, variceal endoscopy before starting, and monitoring.
- [Durvalumab and tremelimumab in liver cancer (STRIDE)](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/durvalumab-tremelimumab-hcc/): Dose and schedule of the STRIDE regimen (a single dose of tremelimumab 300 mg with durvalumab 1500 mg monthly) in advanced liver cancer.
- [Adjuvant pembrolizumab in melanoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/pembrolizumab-adjuvant-melanoma/): Dose and schedule of adjuvant pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks for one year after surgery for melanoma (KEYNOTE-054), and the dabrafenib-trametinib…
- [Doxorubicin and ifosfamide in soft tissue sarcoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/regimens/doxorubicin-ifosfamide-sarcoma/): Dose and schedule of doxorubicin 75 with ifosfamide 10 g/m² in advanced soft tissue sarcoma (EORTC 62012), mesna, G-CSF and ifosfamide toxicity.

## Physician education
- [Indications for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, donor selection and conditioning](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/hsct-indications-donor-conditioning/): Indications for autologous and allogeneic transplant based on EBMT 2025, risk assessment with HCT-CI and DRI, an algorithm for choosing the donor and cell…
- [Molecular tests and biomarkers needed before treatment, by cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/pretreatment-biomarker-testing/): A list of the molecular, genetic and immunohistochemistry tests needed before starting treatment for each cancer (lung, breast, bowel, stomach, pancreas…
- [15 things to stop doing in cancer care](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/stop-doing-oncology-choosing-wisely/): A list of common but outdated or harmful practices in cancer care (such as first-line chemotherapy for CLL, delaying ATRA in APL, unnecessary imaging…
- [Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): prophylaxis, grading and treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/gvhd-prophylaxis-grading-treatment/): GVHD biology, prophylaxis regimens (calcineurin inhibitor + methotrexate, PTCy, ATG, abatacept), grading of acute GVHD with MAGIC, diagnosis and severity…
- [DPYD, UGT1A1 and TPMT/NUDT15 testing before chemotherapy](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/dpyd-ugt1a1-pharmacogenomics/): A guide to DPYD testing before fluorouracil and capecitabine, UGT1A1 before irinotecan and TPMT/NUDT15 before mercaptopurine, with genotype-guided dosing.
- [Hepatitis B and chemotherapy: screening and prevention of reactivation](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/hepatitis-b-reactivation-chemotherapy/): A guide to hepatitis B screening before chemotherapy, rituximab and transplant, reactivation risk groups, and prophylaxis with entecavir or tenofovir.
- [10 cheap steps that save patients' lives](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/ten-cheap-steps-save-lives/): Ten cheap, accessible actions with strong evidence for emergency, oncology, surgical and primary care doctors: from immediate tretinoin in APL…
- [Febrile neutropenia: assessment, empirical antibiotics and outpatient treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/febrile-neutropenia-management/): A complete lesson on managing febrile neutropenia in cancer patients: definition, first-hour assessment, choice of empirical antibiotic, indications…
- [Infection prevention and vaccination in cancer patients](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/infection-prophylaxis-vaccination-cancer/): A guide to antimicrobial prophylaxis (fluoroquinolone, posaconazole, co-trimoxazole, aciclovir) and vaccination (influenza, pneumococcus, shingles…
- [Chemotherapy extravasation: prevention and management](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/chemotherapy-extravasation-management/): A practical guide to preventing and managing extravasation of vesicant and irritant chemotherapy drugs (anthracyclines, vinca alkaloids, taxanes) based…
- [Infusion and hypersensitivity reactions to anticancer drugs: management, rechallenge and desensitisation](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/infusion-reactions-desensitization/): A guide to managing infusion reactions and anaphylaxis with anticancer drugs, deciding on rechallenge, and rapid desensitisation (carboplatin, paclitaxel)…
- [Cardiac monitoring during cancer treatment (cardio-oncology)](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/cardio-oncology-monitoring/): A guide to cardiac monitoring during cancer treatment based on ESC 2022 and ASCO: baseline assessment, echo and GLS, troponin, management of a falling…
- [Bone-modifying agents in cancer: bone metastases, adjuvant use and osteonecrosis of the jaw](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/bone-health-bone-metastases/): A guide to bone-modifying agents in cancer: zoledronic acid and denosumab in bone metastases, adjuvant bisphosphonates in breast cancer, and prevention…
- [Anticancer drug dose adjustment in renal and hepatic impairment](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/anticancer-dose-renal-hepatic-impairment/): A table of dose adjustments for common anticancer drugs (cisplatin, capecitabine, pemetrexed, lenalidomide, etoposide, oxaliplatin, doxorubicin…
- [Anaemia in cancer: transfusion, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and iron](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/cancer-anemia-transfusion-esa/): A guide to treating anaemia in cancer patients: red cell transfusion thresholds (AABB 2023), erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ASCO/ASH 2019) and IV iron.
- [Drug interactions with oral anticancer drugs: CYP3A4, acid suppressants and anticoagulants](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/oral-anticancer-drug-interactions/): A practical review of oral chemotherapy and targeted-drug interactions for doctors: which drugs inhibit or induce CYP3A4, how venetoclax is dosed…
- [Germline genetic testing in cancer: who, and which genes?](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/hereditary-cancer-genetic-testing/): Criteria for germline genetic testing in breast, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, colorectal and endometrial cancer based on ASCO and EGAPP, and testing…
- [Geriatric assessment before chemotherapy](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/geriatric-oncology-assessment/): A guide to geriatric assessment before cancer treatment in people aged 65 and over based on ASCO, with evidence of reduced toxicity from the GAP70+…
- [Early palliative care in advanced cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/early-palliative-care-oncology/): The evidence and the ASCO guideline for early referral of patients with advanced cancer to palliative care alongside anticancer treatment, and its…
- [Management of brain metastases](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/brain-metastases-management/): Guideline-based management of brain metastases: radiosurgery for 1 to 4 lesions, hippocampal-avoidance whole-brain radiotherapy with memantine…
- [Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/cancer-of-unknown-primary/): A guide to assessing and treating cancer of unknown primary: an immunohistochemistry panel, imaging, favourable subsets with specific treatment…
- [Fertility preservation before cancer treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/fertility-preservation-oncology/): A guide to fertility preservation in cancer patients based on ASCO: discussion before treatment, sperm and egg/embryo freezing, letrozole-protected…
- [Assessing tumour response: RECIST 1.1, iRECIST and the Lugano criteria](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/tumor-response-recist-lugano/): A lesson on assessing treatment response in solid tumours (RECIST version 1.1 and iRECIST for immunotherapy) and lymphoma (the Lugano criteria…
- [Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML): 2022 classification, ELN genetic risk and treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/aml-eln-2022-risk-treatment/): A structured review of adult AML for doctors covering the WHO 2022 and ICC 2022 classifications and ELN 2022 and ELN 2024 genetic risk, with fitness…
- [CTCAE version 5 adverse event grading: quick reference](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/ctcae-grading-reference/): A quick-reference table for grading the side effects of chemotherapy and immunotherapy based on CTCAE version 5: haematological, gastrointestinal…
- [Oncological emergencies: from febrile neutropenia to spinal cord compression](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/oncologic-emergencies/): A lesson on the diagnosis, risk stratification and urgent treatment of oncological emergencies based on the ASCO/IDSA, AGIHO, Endocrine Society and NICE…
- [Cancer cachexia: assessment and management](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/cancer-cachexia-management/): A guide to assessing and managing cachexia (weight loss and anorexia) in advanced cancer: nutritional counselling, the place of progestins…
- [Immunotherapy toxicity: checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T and bispecific antibodies](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/immunotherapy-cart-toxicity/): A lesson on managing immunotherapy toxicity based on the ASCO, SITC and ESMO guidelines, ASTCT consensus grading and FDA labels: from colitis…
- [Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): the 2022 classifications, IPSS-R and IPSS-M, and risk-adapted treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/mds-ipssm-treatment/): A structured review of MDS for physicians: the WHO 2022 and ICC 2022 classifications and a comparison of IPSS-R and IPSS-M, with treatment of anaemia…
- [Critical reading of oncology trials and interpreting biomarkers](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/reading-trials-biomarkers/): A methodology lesson for physicians: how to read the results of oncology trials, judge clinical value and interpret NGS and ctDNA results, with examples…
- [Malignant pleural effusion: drainage, pleurodesis or an indwelling catheter](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/malignant-pleural-effusion/): A guide to treating malignant pleural effusion: ultrasound-guided drainage, talc pleurodesis, the indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) and non-expandable…
- [Venous thromboembolism in cancer: risk assessment, prevention and treatment](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/cancer-associated-thrombosis/): A structured review of cancer-associated thrombosis for doctors: the Khorana score, prophylaxis in inpatients, surgery and outpatients (AVERT…
- [Cancer during pregnancy: chemotherapy and decisions](https://drdabiri.com/en/learn/cancer-during-pregnancy/): A guide to treating cancer in pregnancy: avoiding chemotherapy in the first trimester, relatively safe drugs from the second trimester, contraindicated…

## Evidence library
- [Evidence library](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/): Structured summaries of the key trials and international clinical guidelines that underpin today’s cancer treatments.
- [Clinical guidelines](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/guidelines/): 148 guidelines
- [Breast cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/breast-cancer/): 98 studies and guidelines
- [Colorectal cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/colorectal-cancer/): 65 studies and guidelines
- [Stomach cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/stomach-cancer/): 32 studies and guidelines
- [Lung cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/lung-cancer/): 49 studies and guidelines
- [Prostate cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/prostate-cancer/): 43 studies and guidelines
- [Blood cancers](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/blood-cancers/): 66 studies and guidelines
- [Bladder cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/bladder-cancer/): 23 studies and guidelines
- [Leukaemia](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/leukemia/): 18 studies and guidelines
- [Oesophageal cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/esophageal-cancer/): 20 studies and guidelines
- [Thyroid cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/thyroid-cancer/): 20 studies and guidelines
- [Brain tumours](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/brain-tumors/): 22 studies and guidelines
- [Head and neck cancers](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/head-and-neck-cancer/): 27 studies and guidelines
- [Liver cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/liver-cancer/): 26 studies and guidelines
- [Pancreatic cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/pancreatic-cancer/): 29 studies and guidelines
- [Lymphoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/lymphoma/): 32 studies and guidelines
- [Multiple myeloma](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/multiple-myeloma/): 20 studies and guidelines
- [Kidney cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/kidney-cancer/): 29 studies and guidelines
- [Ovarian cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/ovarian-cancer/): 25 studies and guidelines
- [Cervical cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/cervical-cancer/): 27 studies and guidelines
- [Melanoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/melanoma/): 28 studies and guidelines
- [Endometrial (womb) cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/endometrial-cancer/): 8 studies and guidelines
- [Testicular cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/testicular-cancer/): 9 studies and guidelines
- [Sarcoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/sarcoma/): 9 studies and guidelines
- [Skin cancer: basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/skin-cancer/): 6 studies and guidelines
- [Bile duct and gallbladder cancer](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/bile-duct-gallbladder-cancer/): 6 studies and guidelines
- [Other areas and general studies](https://drdabiri.com/en/studies/topic/other/): 81 studies and guidelines

## Optional
- [Full text of all pages](https://drdabiri.com/en/llms-full.txt)