Types of cancer
A comprehensive, evidence-based guide to each type of cancer: symptoms, diagnosis, stages and treatment options.
Breast cancerSymptoms, risk factors, mammography screening, molecular subtypes, treatment by stage and the latest treatment evidence for breast cancer (through 2026).
Colorectal cancerPolyps, symptoms, the rise in young adults, screening methods from age 45, staging and the latest treatments, from immunotherapy to rectal preservation.
Stomach cancerRisk factors (Helicobacter pylori and salt), warning signs, endoscopy, staging and the latest treatments, including FLOT, immunotherapy, anti-HER2 drugs and newer targeted drugs.
Lung cancerTypes of lung cancer, risk factors, screening with low-dose CT, genetic markers and the latest targeted therapies and immunotherapy.
Prostate cancerPSA screening and shared decision-making, the MRI-based diagnostic pathway, Gleason/ISUP grading, active surveillance, and new treatments for advanced prostate cancer, including PARP inhibitors and lutetium-177–PSMA.
Blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma)A general guide to blood cancers: the main types, symptoms, diagnostic methods such as blood cell counts and bone marrow biopsy, and major treatment advances such as targeted drugs, CAR T-cell therapy, bispecific antibodies and stem cell transplantation.
Bladder cancerBladder cancer (urothelial carcinoma): the role of smoking and occupational exposure, diagnosis by cystoscopy, the difference between non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive disease, treatment with TURBT and BCG, perioperative chemotherapy and immunotherapy, bladder preservation, and new treatments for advanced disease such as enfortumab vedotin + pembrolizumab.
LeukemiaSymptoms, diagnostic tests, risk classification and the latest treatments for the four main types of leukemia: AML, ALL, CML and CLL.
Esophageal cancerThe two types, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma; risk factors in Iran (hot tea, opium, tobacco); difficulty swallowing; endoscopy and staging; and the latest treatments, from CROSS and FLOT to nivolumab and immunotherapy.
Thyroid cancerTypes of thyroid cancer, overdiagnosis, nodule evaluation with ultrasound and FNA (Bethesda), surgery, radioactive iodine, TSH suppression, active surveillance and targeted therapies, based on the latest evidence and the 2025 ATA guideline.
Brain tumorsThe new WHO classification, symptoms, MRI, glioblastoma treatment (the Stupp protocol and TTFields), IDH-mutant gliomas and vorasidenib, meningioma, and radiosurgery for brain metastases.
Head and neck cancersRisk factors (tobacco, alcohol and HPV), symptoms, diagnosis and staging, surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer based on the latest evidence.
Liver cancerRisk factors for liver cancer (hepatitis B and C, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease), vaccination, ultrasound screening, BCLC staging and new treatments, including combination immunotherapy.
Pancreatic cancerRisk factors, warning signs such as jaundice and new-onset diabetes, BRCA genetic testing, resectability staging and the latest treatments for pancreatic cancer, from mFOLFIRINOX to RAS inhibitors and mRNA vaccines.
LymphomaSymptoms, diagnosis, staging and the latest treatments for Hodgkin lymphoma, DLBCL, and follicular, mantle cell and marginal zone lymphomas.
Multiple myelomaCRAB and SLiM diagnostic criteria, MGUS and smoldering myeloma, four-drug induction therapy, transplantation, maintenance and new immunotherapies in multiple myeloma.
Kidney cancerRenal cell carcinoma: risk factors, incidental detection, active surveillance of small masses, partial and radical nephrectomy, adjuvant pembrolizumab, first-line immunotherapy combinations and oral targeted drugs in advanced disease.
Ovarian cancerSymptoms, risk factors and the BRCA genes, diagnosis and staging, subtypes, surgery and chemotherapy, maintenance therapy with PARP inhibitors, treatment of recurrence and the latest treatment evidence for ovarian cancer (up to 2026).
Cervical cancerThe role of HPV, vaccination, screening with the HPV test and Pap smear, treatment by stage, immunotherapy, and the World Health Organization’s strategy to eliminate cervical cancer.
Melanoma (skin cancer)Warning signs in moles (ABCDE), sun protection, staging and the newest melanoma treatments, from immunotherapy and targeted therapy to cell therapy and personalized vaccines, plus an overview of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers.