Clinical guideline
ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline Express Update on the adoption of physical exercise in patients with localised colon cancer
ESMO Open · 2026
Studies and guidelines: Colorectal cancer
65 items with a structured summary · Colorectal cancer: the complete guide
Clinical guideline
Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
Ann Oncol · 2026
Clinical guideline
Report from the 27th Annual Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference on Colorectal Cancer, Calgary, Alberta, 26–27 September 2025: Advances in Colon and Rectal Cancer
Current Oncology · 2026
Clinical guideline
Localised rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
Ann Oncol · 2025
Clinical guideline
Updates on Age to Start and Stop Colorectal Cancer Screening: Recommendations From the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer
Gastroenterology · 2022
Clinical guideline
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
JAMA · 2021
High certainty; substantial net benefitAges 50 to 75 years
Clinical guideline
Localised colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
Ann Oncol · 2020
Clinical guideline
Colorectal cancer screening for average‐risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society
CA A Cancer J Clinicians · 2018
45 years (qualified recommendation)Age to start screening in adults at average risk
Clinical guideline
Colorectal Cancer Screening: Recommendations for Physicians and Patients From the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer
Gastroenterology · 2017
Colonoscopy every 10 years and annual faecal immunochemical test (FIT)Tier 1 tests
Clinical guideline
ASCO 2006 Update of Recommendations for the Use of Tumor Markers in Gastrointestinal Cancer
JCO · 2006
Recommended if it would assist in staging and surgical planningPreoperative CEA (colorectal cancer)
Clinical guideline
Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
Annals of Oncology · 2023
Review article
Challenges of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite-unstable localized colon cancer patients
ESMO Open · 2026
Review article
Circulating Tumor DNA-Guided Adjuvant and Post-Adjuvant Therapy in Resected Colorectal Cancer: From Molecular Residual Disease Detection to Proven Clinical Utility
Biomedicines · 2026
15 to 20% in stage 2 and 30 to 40% in stage 3Recurrence rate after curative-intent surgery
Other
Colorectal cancer statistics, 2026
CA A Cancer J Clinicians · 2026
Decrease of 0.9% per yearAnnual change in overall colorectal cancer incidence (2013 to 2022)
Review article
ctDNA in the Management of Resectable & Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Future Directions
OTT · 2026
Consistently identifies patients at much higher risk of recurrencePostoperative ctDNA positivity
Review article
Exercise as a Disease-Modifying Therapy in Colon Cancer: Practice-Changing Evidence from the CHALLENGE Trial
Cancers · 2026
Hazard ratio 0.72Disease-free survival (DFS)
Review article
Organ preservation after neoadjuvant immunotherapy in mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer: response assessment, watch-and-wait, and salvage surgery
Front. Oncol. · 2026
Observational study
Prevalence and clinical impact of PIK3CA and PTEN alterations from reflex genomic testing of newly diagnosed colorectal cancer: a population-based series
Front. Oncol. · 2026
1516 patientsPatients with genomic profiling
Clinical trial
Structured Exercise Program After Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer: A Cost-Utility Analysis of the CHALLENGE Trial
J Clin Oncol · 2026
2,917 Canadian dollars per participantInitial cost of delivering SEP
Other
ALASCCA: an aspirin a day keeps colorectal cancer away
Nat Rev Clin Oncol · 2025
Clinical trial · Phase 2
Circulating tumor DNA analysis guiding adjuvant therapy in stage II colon cancer: 5-year outcomes of the randomized DYNAMIC trial
Nat Med · 2025
88% vs 87%5-year recurrence-free survival
Clinical trial · Phase 2/3
Circulating tumor DNA-guided adjuvant therapy in locally advanced colon cancer: the randomized phase 2/3 DYNAMIC-III trial
Nat Med · 2025
87% vs 49%3-year RFS: ctDNA-negative vs ctDNA-positive
Review article
Immune checkpoint inhibitors for dMMR/MSI localized rectal cancer: A systematic review of treatment strategies
Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · 2025
75 to 100%Clinical complete response (cCR) with PD-1 monotherapy
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Low-Dose Aspirin for PI3K-Altered Localized Colorectal Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2025
7.7% vs 14.1%3-year recurrence – group A
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Structured Exercise after Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2025
HR 0.72Disease-free survival
Observational study
A Cell-free DNA Blood-Based Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening
N Engl J Med · 2024
83.1%Sensitivity for colorectal cancer
Observational study
ctDNA-based molecular residual disease and survival in resectable colorectal cancer
Nat Med · 2024
20.57% vs 85.10%24-month DFS: MRD-positive vs negative
Clinical trial · Phase 2
Long-Term Results of Organ Preservation in Patients With Rectal Adenocarcinoma Treated With Total Neoadjuvant Therapy: The Randomized Phase II OPRA Trial
J Clin Oncol · 2024
71% (INCT-CRT) and 69% (CRT-CNCT)5-year disease-free survival
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Total neoadjuvant therapy with mFOLFIRINOX versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: long-term results of the UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23 trial
Ann Oncol · 2024
81.9% vs 76.1%7-year overall survival
Other
Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023
CA A Cancer J Clinicians · 2023
About 153,020 diagnoses and 52,550 deathsEstimated new cases and deaths in 2023 (total)
Clinical trial
Locoregional Failure During and After Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by Chemotherapy and Surgery Compared With Long-course Chemoradiotherapy and Surgery
Annals of Surgery · 2023
54 of 460 (12%) vs 36 of 446 (8%), experimental vs standard groupLocoregional failure (LRF) (median follow-up 5.6 years)
Observational study
Molecular residual disease and efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer
Nat Med · 2023
38.4% vs 90.5%18-month DFS: ctDNA-positive vs negative
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Sotorasib plus Panitumumab in Refractory Colorectal Cancer with Mutated KRAS G12C
N Engl J Med · 2023
5.6 months (95% CI 4.2–6.3)Median PFS — sotorasib 960 mg + panitumumab
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Trifluridine-Tipiracil and Bevacizumab in Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2023
10.8 months vs 7.5 monthsMedian overall survival
Clinical trial · Phase 2
Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis Guiding Adjuvant Therapy in Stage II Colon Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2022
15% vs 28%Receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy
Clinical trial
Effect of Colonoscopy Screening on Risks of Colorectal Cancer and Related Death
N Engl J Med · 2022
0.98% in the invited group vs 1.20% in the usual-care group10-year risk of colorectal cancer (intention-to-screen analysis)
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer (KEYNOTE-177): final analysis of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study
The Lancet Oncology · 2022
44.5 monthsMedian follow-up in the final analysis
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial
Lancet Oncol · 2021
23.7% vs 30.4%Disease-related treatment failure at 3 years
Review article
A Review of the Role of Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Clinical Practice
Ann Coloproctol · 2019
2,712 articlesNumber of articles identified
Review article
Colorectal cancer
The Lancet · 2019
Nearly 900,000Annual deaths from colorectal cancer
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Encorafenib, Binimetinib, and Cetuximab in BRAF V600E–Mutated Colorectal Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2019
9.0 months vs 5.4 monthsMedian overall survival (triplet vs control)
Clinical trial
Duration of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage III Colon Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2018
HR 1.07Overall population (3 vs 6 months)
Clinical trial
Effect of More vs Less Frequent Follow-up Testing on Overall and Colorectal Cancer–Specific Mortality in Patients With Stage II or III Colorectal Cancer
JAMA · 2018
13.0% (161 of 1253) vs 14.1% (174 of 1256)5-year overall mortality
Clinical trial
Effect of 3 to 5 Years of Scheduled CEA and CT Follow-up to Detect Recurrence of Colorectal Cancer
JAMA · 2014
4.4 years (SD 0.8)Mean duration of follow-up
Observational study
Aspirin Use, Tumor PIK3CA Mutation, and Colorectal-Cancer Survival
N Engl J Med · 2012
Multivariate hazard ratio for cancer-specific death 0.18 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.61)Colorectal cancer-specific survival in PIK3CA-mutated cancer (regular aspirin use after diagnosis)
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin Compared With Fluorouracil and Folinic Acid As Adjuvant Therapy for Stage III Colon Cancer
JCO · 2011
0.80 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.93)Disease-free survival (DFS) – hazard ratio
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Cetuximab and Chemotherapy as Initial Treatment for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2009
Hazard ratio 0.85 (95% CI 0.72–0.99)Progression-free survival (whole population)
Clinical trial
Improved Overall Survival With Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin As Adjuvant Treatment in Stage II or III Colon Cancer in the MOSAIC Trial
JCO · 2009
73.3% vs 67.4%5-year disease-free survival (FOLFOX4 vs LV5FU2)
Clinical trial
Capecitabine as Adjuvant Treatment for Stage III Colon Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2005
Capecitabine was at least equivalent to fluorouracil plus leucovorinDisease-free survival (intention-to-treat analysis)
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Bevacizumab plus Irinotecan, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2004
20.3 months vs 15.6 monthsMedian overall survival
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin as Adjuvant Treatment for Colon Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2004
237 patients (21.1%) vs 293 patients (26.1%)Patients with a cancer-related event (median follow-up 37.9 months)
Clinical trial
Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial
The Lancet · 2000
49% vs 31%Response rate (evaluable patients)
Clinical trial
Irinotecan plus Fluorouracil and Leucovorin for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2000
7.0 vs 4.3 monthsProgression-free survival (median), irinotecan + fluorouracil + leucovorin vs fluorouracil + leucovorin
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Leucovorin and Fluorouracil With or Without Oxaliplatin as First-Line Treatment in Advanced Colorectal Cancer
JCO · 2000
9.0 vs 6.2 monthsMedian progression-free survival
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Atezolizumab plus FOLFOX for Stage III Mismatch Repair-Deficient Colon Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2026
86.3% vs 76.2%3-year disease-free survival
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Encorafenib, Cetuximab, and mFOLFOX6 in BRAF-Mutated Colorectal Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2025
12.8 vs 7.1 monthsMedian progression-free survival
Clinical trial · Phase 2
Tucatinib plus trastuzumab for chemotherapy-refractory, HER2-positive, RAS wild-type unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer (MOUNTAINEER): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study
Lancet Oncol · 2023
38.1%Confirmed objective response (cohorts A+B)
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus nivolumab in microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer (CheckMate 8HW): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial
The Lancet · 2025
HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.48–0.81)Progression-free survival (nivolumab + ipilimumab vs nivolumab, all lines)
Clinical trial · Phase 2
Nonoperative Management of Mismatch Repair-Deficient Tumors
N Engl J Med · 2025
49 of 49 patientsClinical complete response – rectal (cohort 1)
Clinical trial · Phase 2
Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Locally Advanced Mismatch Repair-Deficient Colon Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2024
113 of 115 patients (98%)Timely surgery
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Microsatellite-Instability-High Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2024
72% vs 14%24-month progression-free survival (first line)
Clinical trial · Phase 2
Organ Preservation in Patients With Rectal Adenocarcinoma Treated With Total Neoadjuvant Therapy
J Clin Oncol · 2022
76% (INCT-CRT) and 76% (CRT-CNCT)3-year disease-free survival
Clinical trial · Phase 2
PD-1 Blockade in Mismatch Repair-Deficient, Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2022
12 of 12 patients (100%)Clinical complete response
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial
Lancet Oncol · 2021
76% vs 69%3-year disease-free survival
Clinical trial · Phase 3
Pembrolizumab in Microsatellite-Instability-High Advanced Colorectal Cancer
N Engl J Med · 2020
16.5 vs 8.2 monthsMedian progression-free survival
Nothing found.